Dwight D. Eisenhower Flashcards
done
what political party did Ike belong in?
Republican
when was he President?
1953 - 1961
who was his vice president and what was his nickname?
Richard Nixon
‘Tricky Dicky’
what was his campaign slogan?
‘I like Ike’
who was in control of the Congress?
Democrats
what is dynamic conservatism?
‘conservative with money, liberal with humans ‘
what did Ike’s first term bring ?
economic growth
what was Ike’s approval rating?
70%
what were Ike’s successful domestic policies?
creation of new Department of health, education and welfare
expansion of Social Security
increase in minimum wage
Federal Aid Highway Act 1956
‘soil bank’
admitting Alaska and Hawaii as states
2 civil rights acts
how much money was made available to low income families?
$500 million
when were the recessions?
minor one in 1954
regular one in 1958
what was blamed or the second recession?
Ike administration
how much did Domestic spending rise?
31% in 1953 to 49% in 1961
how many Americans still lived in poverty?
1/4
who was the south home to?
half of the country’s poor (black and white)
what was 1950s GDP?
$355 billion
what was 1960s GDP?
$488 billion
what was the rise in per capita income?
$1720 to $2699
what was inflation?
low
what did government spending on GI bill mean?
boost in house building, increase in educated people and $40 billion annually on military sector
what did Ike focus on?
balancing the budget
what did cheap credit for housing come in?
Federal Housing Administration
how much was a typical house?
$8000
who couldn’t buy property?
African-Americans
what was the first card and when was it created?
Diners Club
1950s
what was the Diners Club for?
restaurants
when was the American Express made?
1958
why did private debt double in 1960?
consumers borrowed to buy cars, fridges, TVs and vacuums
what did growth in debt do?
stimulated the economy and created manufacturing jobs
what created desire for glitz and glamour ?
newspapers, radios and TV
who became consumers?
those who came of age in 1950
what drove purchasing desires?
advertising
what did purchasing desires grow to?
$6 billion annually in 1950s, $13 billion in 1963
in 1960, who owned half of the worlds car and telephones?
America
what percent of families had a TV?
90%
when was the Interstate Highway Act?
1956
what did the Interstate Highway Act do?
authorized building of highways throughout the country
stimulated demand and jobs
how much of the federal budget was put towards highway construction?
$26 billion
when was the first disney park built?
1955
what did disney products contribute to?
growth of toys and games
what is homogenising?
process that makes things the same for wider and wider groups (e.g., housing and overall american experience)
when was the first air conditioned mall made and where?
October 1956
Minniesota
what did the first air conditioned mall do?
rapid development of fast food industry
what did Micheal Harrington expose?
invisible poverty
what did consumer society increase?
productivity in agriculture
what did productivity in agriculture create?
problems which led to the soil bank
what did the drop of food prices make the government provide?
provide subsidies to farmers of $5.1 billion per year in 1960 to avoid dangerous crash in prices
what happened to the elderly as a result of suburban towns?
became isolated
why were many ethnic minorities made redundant?
employers were often racist so ethnic minority groups were the first to be fired
whos the secretary of state?
John Foster Dulles
what is M.A.D?
Mutually Assured Destruction
what does ‘massive retaliation’ mean?
US would respond to provocation from USSR and China with extreme force
what started the Space Race?
Sputnik
4 October 1957
what is sputnik?
first man made object in space which orbited earth until 4 January 1958
when was sputnik 2?
3 November 1958
what made sputnik 2 special?
dog Laikia on board
what is known as flopnik?
US Vanguard TV3 rocket satellite blew up after 4 feet
who did ike administration have to rely on to develop tangiable rockets?
Werner Von Braun
when had both US & USSR develop hydrogen bombs by?
1953
what year did US keep 1/3 of bombs made and why?
1955
so he had bombs ready to fly at 15 mins notice
how many nuclear weapons did US have in 1957?
5543
what did Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMS) do?
began to make locating missile bases mear US s serious concern
what is the ‘New Look’ policy known for?
‘more bang for your buck’
what did the secret speech begin?
destalinisation
what is destalinisation?
the undoing of Stalins politics
what did Eastern Europe realsie after stalins death?
that they were potentially free of stalinist oppression
what happend in Poland after Stalins death?
riots agaisnt communist government
what happend in Hungary after Stalins death?
protests that led to withdrawal of leader
free elections set in place
restoration of farmoladn
they left the warsaw pact
where did Khrushchev send troops?
Budapest
how many Hungarians were killed from Khruschevs troops and how many fled to Austria?
3000 killed
200,000 fled
why didn’t ike interfere with Hungary?
he claimed there wasnt any policy in Truman Doctrine that permitted aiding them
when was the U-2 Crisis?
May 1960
when was the U-2 spy plane shot down by USSR?
1 May 1960
what did US say the plane was?
a lost weather plane
when was Gary Powers revealed by USSR?
5 May 1960
what happened at conference in Paris?
it broke down, Khrushchev then post poned it for 6 months when ike wouldnt been president
what did Khrushchev demand on 10 November 1958?
that western powers pull forces out of West Berlin within 6 months
what did the lack of boarder between east and west berlin mean?
20% of East fled to West by 1961
where and when was the foreign minister’s conference?
Geneva
1959
what was agreed at geneva conference?
that khrushchev would have an 11 day US tour
when was khrushchev’s tour?
15 September 1959
what was agreed at khrushchev’s tour?
there would be no firm deadline for removal of forces and that ike would visit moscow the following year
when did ike visit korea?
2 December 1952
when was the armistice signed?
25 July 1953
what is ‘brinkmanship’?
pushing a situation to the point of deestruction but not quite going over the edge
what did brinkmanship do and ensure?
ended korean war and avoided futher conflict
ensured that military build up by NSC-68 could continue
what did the US naval base in Taiwan ensure?
degree of protection for Taiwan, especially when Mao ordered shelling
how did ike react to shelling of Taiwan?
Formosa Resolution
when was formosa Resolution?
Jan 1955
when did Vietnam war turn agaisnt Europeans?
1954
what covert air support did ike agree to over Vietnam?
American B-26 bombers
who rejected Operation Vulture?
Ike
who was in a strong position at peace talks in Geneva?
Ho Chi Minh
when was peace talks at geneva?
after Dien Bien Phu
when was the decision to divided vitenman into 2 states?
20 July 1954
who did US support in Vietnam elections in 1956?
Ngo Dinh Diem
why did ike avoid military intervention in Vietnam?
hoped SEATO would contain communism
what is SEATO?
South East Asian NATO
when was the suez crisis?
Jul 1956
what was the suez crisis?
Eygpt nationalised the Suez Canal run by England and France
what was the suez canal used for?
provided access to ships between Europe and Asia
who was leader of Eygpt?
Nasser
what was Nasser’s plan with th suez canal?
raise money to fund aswan dam
what was England and Frances’ secret deal with Isreal?
that Isreal would attack Egypt, then european powers would call for ceasefire and bomb Cario ‘trying to force peace’
why didnt ike support the secret deal?
didnt want to been seen as supporting imperialism and used financial pressures to force England and French into withdrawal
what was the Esienhower Doctrine?
committed US to assit any nation requesting assistance agaisnt armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism
when was the esienhower doctrine?
Jan 1957
how much money was was invested into the esienhower doctrine?
$200 million
what worsned tensions in middle east?
increasing dependence on middle eastern oil
what were left-leaning leaders seen to be more susceptible to?
communism
what CIA plot did Dulles approve?
despose Mossadgen in 1953 following decision to nationalise oil industry
who created CENTO?
Dulles
when was CENTO created?
1955
wheat does CENTO mean?
Central Treaty Organization
why was CENTO foundered?
when Iraqi monarchy was overthrown in 1958
what was it like for African-Americans in the North?
de facto
National Urban League continued to campaign
NUL pushed fro intergration in racist trade unions
CORE beginning to challenge de facto seg in Chicago schools
problems in inner city areas
white flight left inner cities ethnicalling homogeneous
black residents couldn’t afford cars
rent increased
house of reps had 4 black men
what book did Malcolm X realise?
‘The Hate that Hate Produced’
what was it like for African-Americans in the South?
no momentum till ike administration
court victories from NAACP and the role of media
when was brown v board of education decision?
17 May 1954
what was the brown v board of education decision?
ruled in favour of brown
what as ikes regret?
appointing Earl Warren as Cheif of Justice
‘the biggest damned fool mistake I ever made’
when was the White Citizens Councils formed?
1954
how many members did the White Citizens Councils have in 1956?
200,000
when was the Ku Klux Klan revitalised?
1960s
how many dixiecrates signed the southern manifesto?
101
what was ikes response to murder of Emmett Till?
he reluctantly used Federal Power
when did university of alabama expell first black student?
1956
when was the Montgomery bus boycott?
1955-1956
how long was the Montgomery bus boycott?
381 days
who led the Montgomery bus boycott?
MLK
what did black citizens do in the Montgomery bus boycott?
walked or shared cars
what was the Montgomery bus boycott’s effect on bus companies?
lost 80% of revenue
what is Browder v Gayle?
court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional according to the 14th amendment
when was Browder v Gayle?
December 1956
what did the Montgomery bus boycott highlight?
economic power of national prominence
how did ike react to the Montgomery bus boycott?
he ignored it
what partly influenced the civil rights acts of 1957 and 1960?
Montgomery bus boycott
when was the Little Rock Crisis?
September 1957
what is Little Rock Crisis?
first 9 black students to enter Clinton high school
who is Orval Faubus?
Governor of Arkansas
what had Orval Faubus originally desegregated?
bus system
what did Orval Faubus warn on TV?
a riot
what did the National Guard do under Faubus’ instruction?
turn students away
what was ike forced to do in the Little Rock Crisis?
federalise the National Guard and dispatch 101st airborne to protect students
what intimidation did the 9 students in the Little Rock Crisis face?
stabbings, acid and threats to burn
what did Faubus do in retaliation to Ike’s federalisation of the National Guard?
closed all public schools
what did Ike famously say about changing civil rights?
‘it is difficult through law and force to change a mans heart’
what did Ike famously say about equal opportunity and races?
that equal opportunity didn’t mean that races ‘had to mingle socially - or that a Negro could court my daughter’
what was the civil rights act of 1957?
meant that black people could vote
allowed the government to prosecute states that interfered with peoples right to vote
how many African Americans could vote in Mississippi?
7000/900,000
how long did Strom Thurmond filibust the 1957 civil rights bill for?
24 hours and 18 minutes
how much did black voting increase from the 1957 civil rights act?
3%
what was the 1960 civil rights act?
desegregation of interstate travel
