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American Dream > Dwight D. Eisenhower > Flashcards

Dwight D. Eisenhower Flashcards

1
Q

what political party did Ike belong in?

A

Republican

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2
Q

when was he President?

A

1953 - 1961

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3
Q

who was his vice president and what was his nickname?

A

Richard Nixon
‘Tricky Dicky’

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4
Q

what was his campaign slogan?

A

‘I like Ike’

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5
Q

who was in control of the Congress?

A

Democrats

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6
Q

what is dynamic conservatism?

A

‘conservative with money, liberal with humans ‘

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7
Q

what did Ike’s first term bring ?

A

economic growth

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8
Q

what was Ike’s approval rating?

A

70%

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9
Q

what were Ike’s successful domestic policies?

A

creation of new Department of health, education and welfare
expansion of Social Security
increase in minimum wage
Federal Aid Highway Act 1956
‘soil bank’
admitting Alaska and Hawaii as states
2 civil rights acts

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10
Q

how much money was made available to low income families?

A

$500 million

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11
Q

when were the recessions?

A

minor one in 1954
regular one in 1958

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12
Q

what was blamed or the second recession?

A

Ike administration

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13
Q

how much did Domestic spending rise?

A

31% in 1953 to 49% in 1961

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14
Q

how many Americans still lived in poverty?

A

1/4

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15
Q

who was the south home to?

A

half of the country’s poor (black and white)

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16
Q

what was 1950s GDP?

A

$355 billion

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17
Q

what was 1960s GDP?

A

$488 billion

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18
Q

what was the rise in per capita income?

A

$1720 to $2699

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19
Q

what was inflation?

A

low

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20
Q

what did government spending on GI bill mean?

A

boost in house building, increase in educated people and $40 billion annually on military sector

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21
Q

what did Ike focus on?

A

balancing the budget

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22
Q

what did cheap credit for housing come in?

A

Federal Housing Administration

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23
Q

how much was a typical house?

A

$8000

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24
Q

who couldn’t buy property?

A

African-Americans

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25
Q

what was the first card and when was it created?

A

Diners Club
1950s

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26
Q

what was the Diners Club for?

A

restaurants

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27
Q

when was the American Express made?

A

1958

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28
Q

why did private debt double in 1960?

A

consumers borrowed to buy cars, fridges, TVs and vacuums

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29
Q

what did growth in debt do?

A

stimulated the economy and created manufacturing jobs

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30
Q

what created desire for glitz and glamour ?

A

newspapers, radios and TV

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31
Q

who became consumers?

A

those who came of age in 1950

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32
Q

what drove purchasing desires?

A

advertising

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33
Q

what did purchasing desires grow to?

A

$6 billion annually in 1950s, $13 billion in 1963

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34
Q

in 1960, who owned half of the worlds car and telephones?

A

America

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35
Q

what percent of families had a TV?

A

90%

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36
Q

when was the Interstate Highway Act?

A

1956

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37
Q

what did the Interstate Highway Act do?

A

authorized building of highways throughout the country
stimulated demand and jobs

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38
Q

how much of the federal budget was put towards highway construction?

A

$26 billion

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39
Q

when was the first disney park built?

A

1955

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40
Q

what did disney products contribute to?

A

growth of toys and games

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41
Q

what is homogenising?

A

process that makes things the same for wider and wider groups (e.g., housing and overall american experience)

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42
Q

when was the first air conditioned mall made and where?

A

October 1956
Minniesota

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43
Q

what did the first air conditioned mall do?

A

rapid development of fast food industry

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44
Q

what did Micheal Harrington expose?

A

invisible poverty

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45
Q

what did consumer society increase?

A

productivity in agriculture

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46
Q

what did productivity in agriculture create?

A

problems which led to the soil bank

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47
Q

what did the drop of food prices make the government provide?

A

provide subsidies to farmers of $5.1 billion per year in 1960 to avoid dangerous crash in prices

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48
Q

what happened to the elderly as a result of suburban towns?

A

became isolated

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49
Q

why were many ethnic minorities made redundant?

A

employers were often racist so ethnic minority groups were the first to be fired

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50
Q

whos the secretary of state?

A

John Foster Dulles

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51
Q

what is M.A.D?

A

Mutually Assured Destruction

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52
Q

what does ‘massive retaliation’ mean?

A

US would respond to provocation from USSR and China with extreme force

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53
Q

what started the Space Race?

A

Sputnik
4 October 1957

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54
Q

what is sputnik?

A

first man made object in space which orbited earth until 4 January 1958

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55
Q

when was sputnik 2?

A

3 November 1958

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56
Q

what made sputnik 2 special?

A

dog Laikia on board

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57
Q

what is known as flopnik?

A

US Vanguard TV3 rocket satellite blew up after 4 feet

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58
Q

who did ike administration have to rely on to develop tangiable rockets?

A

Werner Von Braun

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59
Q

when had both US & USSR develop hydrogen bombs by?

A

1953

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60
Q

what year did US keep 1/3 of bombs made and why?

A

1955
so he had bombs ready to fly at 15 mins notice

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61
Q

how many nuclear weapons did US have in 1957?

A

5543

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62
Q

what did Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMS) do?

A

began to make locating missile bases mear US s serious concern

63
Q

what is the ‘New Look’ policy known for?

A

‘more bang for your buck’

64
Q

what did the secret speech begin?

A

destalinisation

65
Q

what is destalinisation?

A

the undoing of Stalins politics

66
Q

what did Eastern Europe realsie after stalins death?

A

that they were potentially free of stalinist oppression

67
Q

what happend in Poland after Stalins death?

A

riots agaisnt communist government

68
Q

what happend in Hungary after Stalins death?

A

protests that led to withdrawal of leader
free elections set in place
restoration of farmoladn
they left the warsaw pact

69
Q

where did Khrushchev send troops?

A

Budapest

70
Q

how many Hungarians were killed from Khruschevs troops and how many fled to Austria?

A

3000 killed
200,000 fled

71
Q

why didn’t ike interfere with Hungary?

A

he claimed there wasnt any policy in Truman Doctrine that permitted aiding them

72
Q

when was the U-2 Crisis?

A

May 1960

73
Q

when was the U-2 spy plane shot down by USSR?

A

1 May 1960

74
Q

what did US say the plane was?

A

a lost weather plane

75
Q

when was Gary Powers revealed by USSR?

A

5 May 1960

76
Q

what happened at conference in Paris?

A

it broke down, Khrushchev then post poned it for 6 months when ike wouldnt been president

77
Q

what did Khrushchev demand on 10 November 1958?

A

that western powers pull forces out of West Berlin within 6 months

78
Q

what did the lack of boarder between east and west berlin mean?

A

20% of East fled to West by 1961

79
Q

where and when was the foreign minister’s conference?

A

Geneva
1959

80
Q

what was agreed at geneva conference?

A

that khrushchev would have an 11 day US tour

81
Q

when was khrushchev’s tour?

A

15 September 1959

82
Q

what was agreed at khrushchev’s tour?

A

there would be no firm deadline for removal of forces and that ike would visit moscow the following year

83
Q

when did ike visit korea?

A

2 December 1952

84
Q

when was the armistice signed?

A

25 July 1953

85
Q

what is ‘brinkmanship’?

A

pushing a situation to the point of deestruction but not quite going over the edge

86
Q

what did brinkmanship do and ensure?

A

ended korean war and avoided futher conflict
ensured that military build up by NSC-68 could continue

87
Q

what did the US naval base in Taiwan ensure?

A

degree of protection for Taiwan, especially when Mao ordered shelling

88
Q

how did ike react to shelling of Taiwan?

A

Formosa Resolution

88
Q

when was formosa Resolution?

A

Jan 1955

88
Q

when did Vietnam war turn agaisnt Europeans?

A

1954

89
Q

what covert air support did ike agree to over Vietnam?

A

American B-26 bombers

90
Q

who rejected Operation Vulture?

A

Ike

91
Q

who was in a strong position at peace talks in Geneva?

A

Ho Chi Minh

91
Q

when was peace talks at geneva?

A

after Dien Bien Phu

92
Q

when was the decision to divided vitenman into 2 states?

A

20 July 1954

93
Q

who did US support in Vietnam elections in 1956?

A

Ngo Dinh Diem

94
Q

why did ike avoid military intervention in Vietnam?

A

hoped SEATO would contain communism

95
Q

what is SEATO?

A

South East Asian NATO

96
Q

when was the suez crisis?

A

Jul 1956

96
Q

what was the suez crisis?

A

Eygpt nationalised the Suez Canal run by England and France

97
Q

what was the suez canal used for?

A

provided access to ships between Europe and Asia

98
Q

who was leader of Eygpt?

A

Nasser

99
Q

what was Nasser’s plan with th suez canal?

A

raise money to fund aswan dam

100
Q

what was England and Frances’ secret deal with Isreal?

A

that Isreal would attack Egypt, then european powers would call for ceasefire and bomb Cario ‘trying to force peace’

101
Q

why didnt ike support the secret deal?

A

didnt want to been seen as supporting imperialism and used financial pressures to force England and French into withdrawal

101
Q

what was the Esienhower Doctrine?

A

committed US to assit any nation requesting assistance agaisnt armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism

102
Q

when was the esienhower doctrine?

A

Jan 1957

103
Q

how much money was was invested into the esienhower doctrine?

A

$200 million

104
Q

what worsned tensions in middle east?

A

increasing dependence on middle eastern oil

105
Q

what were left-leaning leaders seen to be more susceptible to?

A

communism

106
Q

what CIA plot did Dulles approve?

A

despose Mossadgen in 1953 following decision to nationalise oil industry

107
Q

who created CENTO?

A

Dulles

108
Q

when was CENTO created?

A

1955

109
Q

wheat does CENTO mean?

A

Central Treaty Organization

109
Q

why was CENTO foundered?

A

when Iraqi monarchy was overthrown in 1958

110
Q

what was it like for African-Americans in the North?

A

de facto
National Urban League continued to campaign
NUL pushed fro intergration in racist trade unions
CORE beginning to challenge de facto seg in Chicago schools
problems in inner city areas
white flight left inner cities ethnicalling homogeneous
black residents couldn’t afford cars
rent increased
house of reps had 4 black men

111
Q

what book did Malcolm X realise?

A

‘The Hate that Hate Produced’

112
Q

what was it like for African-Americans in the South?

A

no momentum till ike administration
court victories from NAACP and the role of media

113
Q

when was brown v board of education decision?

A

17 May 1954

114
Q

what was the brown v board of education decision?

A

ruled in favour of brown

115
Q

what as ikes regret?

A

appointing Earl Warren as Cheif of Justice
‘the biggest damned fool mistake I ever made’

116
Q

when was the White Citizens Councils formed?

A

1954

117
Q

how many members did the White Citizens Councils have in 1956?

A

200,000

118
Q

when was the Ku Klux Klan revitalised?

A

1960s

119
Q

how many dixiecrates signed the southern manifesto?

A

101

120
Q

what was ikes response to murder of Emmett Till?

A

he reluctantly used Federal Power

121
Q

when did university of alabama expell first black student?

A

1956

122
Q

when was the Montgomery bus boycott?

A

1955-1956

123
Q

how long was the Montgomery bus boycott?

A

381 days

124
Q

who led the Montgomery bus boycott?

A

MLK

125
Q

what did black citizens do in the Montgomery bus boycott?

A

walked or shared cars

126
Q

what was the Montgomery bus boycott’s effect on bus companies?

A

lost 80% of revenue

127
Q

what is Browder v Gayle?

A

court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional according to the 14th amendment

128
Q

when was Browder v Gayle?

A

December 1956

129
Q

what did the Montgomery bus boycott highlight?

A

economic power of national prominence

130
Q

how did ike react to the Montgomery bus boycott?

A

he ignored it

131
Q

what partly influenced the civil rights acts of 1957 and 1960?

A

Montgomery bus boycott

131
Q

when was the Little Rock Crisis?

A

September 1957

132
Q

what is Little Rock Crisis?

A

first 9 black students to enter Clinton high school

133
Q

who is Orval Faubus?

A

Governor of Arkansas

134
Q

what had Orval Faubus originally desegregated?

A

bus system

135
Q

what did Orval Faubus warn on TV?

A

a riot

136
Q

what did the National Guard do under Faubus’ instruction?

A

turn students away

137
Q

what was ike forced to do in the Little Rock Crisis?

A

federalise the National Guard and dispatch 101st airborne to protect students

138
Q

what intimidation did the 9 students in the Little Rock Crisis face?

A

stabbings, acid and threats to burn

139
Q

what did Faubus do in retaliation to Ike’s federalisation of the National Guard?

A

closed all public schools

140
Q

what did Ike famously say about changing civil rights?

A

‘it is difficult through law and force to change a mans heart’

141
Q

what did Ike famously say about equal opportunity and races?

A

that equal opportunity didn’t mean that races ‘had to mingle socially - or that a Negro could court my daughter’

142
Q

what was the civil rights act of 1957?

A

meant that black people could vote
allowed the government to prosecute states that interfered with peoples right to vote

142
Q

how many African Americans could vote in Mississippi?

A

7000/900,000

143
Q

how long did Strom Thurmond filibust the 1957 civil rights bill for?

A

24 hours and 18 minutes

144
Q

how much did black voting increase from the 1957 civil rights act?

A

3%

145
Q

what was the 1960 civil rights act?

A

desegregation of interstate travel

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