Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)

Question 1

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) (18th century nationalist)

Answer 1

1) Cultural nationalism – every nation was different, and that every nation had its own unique cultural character.

2) Volk –the Volk (the people) identified as the root of national culture and special nature (volksgeist), which each nation should try to express.

Herder is associated with culturalism, rejecting rational forms of nationalism. Instead, he suggested that each nation is different in essence, and this is revealed through distinct culture, customs, languages, folklore and shared history. People should be encouraged to understand the distinctive qualities of their nation. The volk (people) are the root of national culture. Herder saw nationality as important, suggesting that patriotism was an important quality to have.

Question 2

Human Nature

Answer 2

Herder believed in the uniqueness and diversity of human cultures. He argued that human nature is shaped by one’s cultural and historical context rather than being universal. This belief in cultural particularism led him to reject the idea of a single, universal human nature.

Question 3

Society

Answer 3

Herder emphasised the importance of Volksgeist, or the collective spirit of a people. He believed that societies are organic entities, characterised by their distinct languages, traditions, and customs. Herder advocated for the preservation and celebration of these cultural differences, viewing them as essential for the flourishing of society.

Question 4

The State

Answer 4

Herder’s views on the state were deeply rooted in his conception of Volksgeist. He believed that the state should reflect the cultural identity of its people, serving as a vehicle for the expression and preservation of their unique heritage. Herder opposed the imposition of external political structures that threatened to homogenise or suppress the cultural diversity of a nation.

Question 5

The Economy

Answer 5

While Herder did not focus extensively on economic theory, his nationalist perspective influenced his views on the economy. He saw economic activity as intricately linked to cultural identity and believed that economic policies should prioritise the well-being and autonomy of the nation. Herder was wary of economic globalisation and its potential to erode national cultures and identities.