Charles Maurras (1868-1952)

Question 1

Charles Maurras (1868-1952) (19th/20th century)

Answer 1

1) Integral nationalism – an intensely emotional form of nationalism where individuals were encouraged to submerge themselves into their nation.

2) Militarism – integral nationalism encourages nations to have a strong military ethos.

Maurras was a French nationalist who supported integral nationalism, which influenced fascist ideas. He believed that nations should be put before individuals, allowing for a totalitarian state which would be aggressively expansionist, dominating all aspects of society. Individuals would be expected to be devoted to the nation and unquestioningly loyal to it. He also suggested that countries best placed to achieve independence and statehood are those with strong armed forces, which will then lead to integral nationalism.

Question 2

Human Nature

Answer 2

Maurras believed in the existence of a natural hierarchy among individuals and groups within society. He argued that human nature is inherently hierarchical, with some individuals naturally inclined to lead and others to follow. Maurras emphasised the importance of tradition and order in maintaining social stability and hierarchy.

Question 3

Society

Answer 3

Maurras viewed society as an organic entity characterised by hierarchy and order. He advocated for a hierarchical social structure based on merit and virtue, with authority centralised in a strong and stable state. Maurras opposed social fragmentation and embraced the idea of a unified national identity rooted in shared culture, language, and history.

Question 4

The State

Answer 4

Maurras’s conception of the state was deeply intertwined with his nationalist ideology. He believed in the supremacy of the state as the ultimate authority, responsible for upholding order and promoting the common good. Maurras advocated for a centralised and authoritarian state led by an elite ruling class, which would guide society according to traditional values and principles.

Maurras was an ardent supporter of the monarchy and Catholic Church within French society.

Question 5

The Economy

Answer 5

Maurras’ economic views were shaped by his nationalist perspective. He supported economic policies that prioritised the interests of the nation-state over individual or corporate profit. Maurras rejected laissez-faire capitalism in favour of state intervention to regulate the economy and promote national self-sufficiency. He believed that economic prosperity was essential for maintaining the strength and independence of the nation.