Ideologies of the key thinkers

Question 1

von Herder

Answer 1

He is often considered a precursor to cultural nationalism. Herder emphasised the importance of language, culture, and history in shaping a nation’s identity. He believed that each nation had its own unique spirit (Volksgeist) and cultural expression, which should be preserved and celebrated.

Question 2

Maurras

Answer 2

Maurras is associated with integral nationalism, which emphasises the organic unity of the nation and its institutions under a centralised authority. Integral nationalism often advocates for strong state control and a hierarchical social structure. Maurras’s ideology, known as Action Française, promoted a traditionalist and authoritarian vision for France.

Question 3

Garvey

Answer 3

Garvey was a prominent figure in the Pan-Africanist movement, which aimed to unite people of African descent worldwide and promote their collective interests. Pan-Africanism emphasises solidarity among African peoples, the importance of African culture and heritage, and the fight against colonialism, racism, and oppression. Garvey’s ideas and activism were instrumental in inspiring later movements for African independence and civil rights.