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AQA A Level Sociology > JKR Migration > Flashcards

JKR Migration Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Migration?

A

It refers to the movement of people from place to place - this can be internal, within a society or international.

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2
Q

What is Immigration?

A

The movement INTO a society.

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3
Q

What is Emigration?

A

The movement OUT of a society.

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4
Q

What is Net Migration?

A

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

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5
Q

Why do we have such a diverse society?

A

Before WW2 - largest immigrant group were Irish, Jews and people from Canada and USA.

1950’s - black immigrants began to arrive followed by South Asian immigrants.

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6
Q

By 2011, how much did ethnic minority groups account for?

A

14% of the population.

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7
Q

What came up in 1962?

A

Immigration and nationality acts placed severe restrictions on NON WHITE immigration.

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8
Q

Why is it not fair that acts were placed to make it harder for non white immigrants to enter the UK?

A

Because before that, most immigrants where white - not non-white.

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9
Q

What can be the two reasons people would emigrate from their country?

A

Economic PUSH factors -
unemployment at home, recession (push them away from home)

Economic PULL factors -
higher wages or better opportunities abroad (pull them towards somewhere else)

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10
Q

How old are the majority of people coming into the UK?

A

Young people - working age.

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11
Q

How has population size been affected by Migration?

A

It has been increasing.

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12
Q

In 2014, what were the percentages of EU citizens and Non EU citizens entering the country?

A

47% of immigrants were NON EU citizens.

38% were EU citizens.

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13
Q

What’s the difference between UK born mothers and non-UK born mothers?

A

Non-UK born mothers have higher births and account for 25% of all births.

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14
Q

How does immigration affect the age structure of the UK?

Explain the 2 factors:

A

It lowers the average of the population both directly and indirectly.

Directly - they are generally younger.

Indirectly - they are younger so more fertile and make more babies.

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15
Q

How is the dependency ratio affected by Migration: (3)

A
  • immigrations more likely to work so helps to lower the dependency ratio.
  • younger immigrants, however, means they’ll have more babies so they increase the ratio.
  • the longer they stay in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average so they may not even impact it.
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16
Q

What is Globalisation?

A

The idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries.

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17
Q

What does Globalisation result from?

A

The growth of global media, expansion of the EU…etc

18
Q

What happened between 2000-2013?

A

The international migration increased by 32%.

862,000 people entered or left the UK in the same year.

19
Q

Give the types of Migrants: (3)

A
  • permanent settlers (stay forever)
  • temporary workers (come for a certain time)
  • spouses (wives of temporary workers)
20
Q

What are the two types of FORCED migrants?

A
  • Refugees (fleeing for their lives)

- Asylum seekers (come with no invitation and may not be allowed to stay)

21
Q

What does Vertovec say Globalisation has led to?

A

“super diversity” - migrants now come from a much wider range of countries.

22
Q

According to Cohen, what are the 3 types of migrants?

A
  • Citizens
  • Denizens
  • Helots
23
Q

What are Citizens?

What can they do?

A

Migrants with full citizenship rights (since 1970’s it has been harder for immigrants to have these rights)

  • they can vote etc
24
Q

What are Denizens?

A

Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state / highly paid employees of multinational companies.

25
Q

What are Helots?

A

LITERALLY SLAVES.

They are used as disposable “units of labour” to do low paid, unskilled jobs.

26
Q

Why is there such thing as “The Feminisation of Migration” ?

A

Because almost half of all global migrants are women.

27
Q

What did Ehrenreich and Hochschild find?

A

That care work, domestic work and sex work in UK / USA is done by women from poor countries.

28
Q

Why is it that women from poorer countries do more care work, domestic work and ‘sex work’? (3)

A
  • western women less likely to do this, they have joined the labour force.
  • men are less willing to do domestic labour.
  • failure of the state to provide good childcare.
29
Q

What did Shutes find?

A

That 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are female migrants. There is a global transfer of women’s emotional labour too e.g. foreign nannies.

30
Q

What did Eade find about the second generation of Bangladeshi Muslims in relation to their identities?

A

They saw themselves as Muslim then Bengali then British.

31
Q

According to Thomas Eriksen, what has created a more diverse migration pattern?

A

Globalisation - it means that migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging to one culture or country.

32
Q

What has been heavy involved in politics?

A

Immigration policies as they have been linked to national security and anti terrorism policies.

33
Q

What is Assimilationisn?

What’s wrong with this?

A

The first stage policy approach to immigration - wanted migrants to be ‘like us’ and abandon their old traditions.

This is bad as people with hybdrid identities don’t want to abandon their culture.

34
Q

What is Multiculturalism?

A

It accepts that migrants may wish to retain a desperate cultural identity.

35
Q

What is Shallow Diversity?

A
  • is regarding chicken tikka masala as Britain’s national dish (its barely even a diverse dish because it’s western)
36
Q

What is Deep Diversity?

A

It’s not accepting the ceiling of women and arranged marriage etc.

37
Q

Who came up with the shallow and deep Diversity ideas?

A

Eriksen.

38
Q

There has been a big move towards multiculturalism.

Since 9/11, what changed?

A

Many politicians have swung back demanding migrants assimilate culturally e.g. France insisting on veling the face being illegal in 2010.

39
Q

What does Castles argue about assimilationalist policies?

A

That they mark out minority groups as ‘others’ which could generalise and anger people leading to things like Islamic Fundamentalism.

40
Q

What can be caused through assimilation?

How does this relate to Capitalism?

A

A divided working class as it may encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems like unemployment etc

Castles and Kosack say this benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided working class and preventing a united action.

AQA A Level Sociology (21 decks)

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