Jim crow

Question 1

When and why were the Jim crow laws introduced

Answer 1

• Even though black American had clearly not yet attained full equality- Southern whites remained fearful
• With the federal government in protecting the black southern population so individual states used their power to enable social divisions in all areas of life from 1881 onwards including: Voting, education, transportation, law enforcement, theatres, church, parks, restaurants and cemeteries

Question 2

Why was the De Jure segregation so suddenly and consistently applied?

Answer 2

• No soldier
• Supreme court lack action
• White anxieties
• Expansion of the railway

Question 3

1883 supreme court ruling what was case

Answer 3

5 cases brought together who had all been denied access due to their race (2 in hotels, 2 in theatres and 1 in a railway carriage)
argues they were denied their civil rights guaranteed by Civil Rights Act 1875 and was contrary to 14h and their inferiority was a badge of servitude which was against 13th

Question 4

1883 supreme court ruling

Answer 4

civil rights act 1875 = unconstitutional
14th amendment outlawed actions by state governments, not individuals
8 to 1 (Harlan dissented)

Question 5

reaction to the 1883 supreme court ruling

Answer 5

Frederick Douglas speech Lincoln Hall October
undid much of the good done by reconstruction
time in the sun was over
legitimised Jim Crow laws

Question 6

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 6

began florida in railroad cars 1887
spread to cover almost all areas of public life
by early 20th century former confederacy had two separate societies living side by side
de facto and de jure
disenfranchisement

Question 7

examples of how a/a were disenfranchised

Answer 7

fraud: Mississippi officials maintained mules ate ballot papers from black majority counties
Literacy tests: later sat by Harvard students late twentieth century and the students failed them
Grandfather clause: started by Louisiana 1898 (1915 NAACP took to the supreme court and was ruled unconstitutional)
poll taxes
shoestring districts
white primaries
Louisiana shrank their black electorate by 90%

Question 8

Black resistance to jim crow

Answer 8

accommodationist - Booker T. Washington = Atlanta Compromise speech 1895 (can lived segregated as long as whites would allow a/a to advance economically)
NAACP formed 1909
anti-lynching (failed, took till 2005)
Ida B Wells (anti-lynching)

Question 9

names & dates of 3 landmark supreme court rulings 1896-1899

Answer 9

Plessy v Ferguson 1896
Williams v Mississippi 1898
Cumming v Board of Education 1899

Question 10

Plessy v ferguson

Answer 10

testing 14th
Homer Plessy selected by NAACP (1/8 black)
chosen to test constitutionality of separate car law
made ruling of separate but equal
Harlan was sole dissenter

Question 11

Williams v Mississippi

Answer 11

testing 14th and 15th
black defendant challenged his indictment for murder on grounds Mississippi unconstitutionally excluded a/a from juries as had to be registered to vote and poll tax + literacy tests prevented this
ruled Mississippi state constitution was not discriminatory

Question 12

Cumming v board of education

Answer 12

challenged 15th
Georgia country stopped funding the single black high school with excuse was to concentrate limited funds on black primary schools
court ruled the inequality was reasonable under the circumstances

Question 13

How and with what results did black Americans resist Jim Crow?

Answer 13

• Accommodationists believed the best way forward was to accept segregation and to make the most of economic opportunities via education.
• Many black Americans and Northerners thought these views demeaning while Southerners thought them too extreme.
• Booker T. Washington was an Accomodationist and the most famous Afro-American leader before the First World War.
• Many others held meetings, marches, filed lawsuits and led boycotts instead (Protest).

Question 14

Broker T Washington

Answer 14

• He was a respected leader. The one to dive with Roosevelt and drink tea with Victoria
• He gained the support of white industrialists like Carnegie
• Made the Tuskegee into an effective institution for improving knowledge and skills of black students
• Subtly raised black pride
• He was pragmatic at a time of violent reaction and white intransigence

Question 15

Lynching during Jim Crow

Answer 15

• Between 1880-1900 there were 1678 known lynching’s of black Americans

Question 16

1920s What was the Harlem renaissance

Answer 16

The Harlem renaissance was a flowering of African American social thought which was expressed through, paintings, music, dance, theatre, literature

“The father of Harlem”- Phillip Payton
Due to over building there was a real estate crash and he would buy up lots of Harlem and rent them out to the new incoming black people

Between 1920 and 1930 around 87,000 black Americans moved to Harlem from the south and West indies, compared to 118,000 white Americans who left the area

It integrated white and black people better as white people went to see it

The Harlem renaissance set the stage for the civil rights movement of the 1950s- 60s

Artists- Jacob Lawrence
Authors- Langston Hughes, wanted to tell stories of his people
Music- Duke Ellington, Wrote 2000 piece of music in

Henry ford and the motor industry took off