Changing geography Flashcards
when was the slow migration out of the south
1865-1917
where did a/a slowly migrate to
Cincinnati New York Philadelphia Detroit Cleveland
push factors in slow migration
yellow fever
boll weevil
lack of opportunities
kkk
pull factors in the slow migration
Lincoln ww1 industries decreased amounts of European migrants as war scabs (used to break strikes) biblical 'promised land'
What was the significant of the slow drift north
• Between 1880-1900 black Americans only made up 1% of immigration in to New York
• A misunderstanding between a white policeman and the white of a black man led to the Tenderloin race riots in 1900 the New York times recorded a 1000 person mob trying to clean the streets of black people
• Black Americans fought back send the violence continued through the summer in New York
• There were also race riots in Ohio and in 1908 in Springfield Illinois (Lincolns birthplace)
• Northerners also
- Made black voting hard
- Some refused to sell or rent property to blacks
- Schools promoted to de facto segregation
- Labour (trade unions) excluded black members
when was the great migration
1915-1945
stats to show the great migration
7 million out of 8 million a/a lived in the cotton belt 1910
over the next 15 years 10% moved north
1910-1930 a/a population in northern states increased by 40%
push factors for the great migration (brief) 5
cotton discrimination violence economic boom depression
examples of discrimination in the south
poll tax
grandfather clause
literacy tests
why did a/a violence boom in 1915
birth of a nation released
kkk re born
why was the economic boom a push factor
led to overproduction in agriculture
Cause and consequences of the great migration
- Reason, jobs, schools, escape racism and violence
- Detroit black population 1910: 6,000 1930: 120,000
- Only 750,000 black Americans lived outside in 1900, end of the 20th century there were 10 million living outside the south
- Consequences Chicago had a black own newspaper as population rose
- Black, schools and politicians
- White people moved away as blacks come in, leading to place like Harlem being pretty much all black
- In the summer of 1919 over 20 race riots broke out across the nation, worst in Chicago, Threw riots erupted when white people threw stones at a black swimmers resulting in him drowning this lead to African Americans attacking white neighbourhoods and the whites doing the same leaving 15 whites dead and 23 black people and 500 injured
- Since 1915 the coloured population had doubled in 4 years just from over 50,000 to now 125-150,000
- White neighbourhoods formed the property owners association to keep black people out, in a number of causes from January 1918 to august 1919 there were bombings of coloured homes and houses occupied by black people a total of 20 bombings took places, yet only two people had been arrested and neither were convicted
1917
WW1- Estimated that 400,000 black Americans left the old south from 1916 to 18 to take advantage of job opportunities created from the war. The widely read newspaper there “Chicago defender” produced in the north, urged black Americans to migrate North. 4% shift. Between 1910 and 1930 the black population in northern states increased 40%
What was the impact of black migration during the second world war 1941-45 ?
- Executive Order 8802 25th June 1941- Fair employment practice committee (FEPC)
- Around 2 million black Americans migrated from the south to seek employment in defence industries
- Black income rise faster in the 1940s than in any other decade of the twentieth century
- 1943 Race riots in Detroit, a hate strike was conducted by 25,000 white people against black workers as they saw rivalry from black people rises, after a few days tension generated greater and around 8,000 were arrested and 85% of them were black, Nine whites and 25 blacks died, 800 people were injured. The Detroit Mayor blamed “Negro Hoodlums” and denounced the mingling of negros and white in the same neighbourhoods, he was re elected as mayor. Black Americans in Detroit called it the black pearl harbour
- 1943 Harlem, black people wated revenge for the Detroit riots so when they heard a black soldiers got shot in the back of the head they took the opportunity and rioted ( 1485 stores looted $500,000 cost of damage, 1000 had been arrested and 700 injured including 400 police officers)
- In 1943 black researchers recorded 242 major racial clashes mostly in the north and west
- In san Francisco the black population quadrupled, and its mayor called in the “Negro invasion”
What cause the great post-war changes in American cities?
17% of Americans lived in suburbs in 1920
33% of Americans lived in suburbs in 1960
Between 1948-58 13 million homes were built in the US and 11 million of these were in suburbs.
The white middle classes had a new home
Pull: why compete for houses in urban area, FHA offered cheaper mortgages, Suburbia was cheaper for land than cities, The US now had highways increase car ownership and the option of commuting
Push: Higher taxes, high rent, pollution, poor whites, black Americans
