free at last

Question 1

how many states succeeded from the union and when

Answer 1

11

1860-1

Question 2

when was the emancipation proclamation and where

Answer 2

September 1862 - battle of Antietam

Question 3

what was the emancipation proclamation

Answer 3

all slaves in the confederate states are now free

Question 4

how many died in the American civil war

Answer 4

620 000

Question 5

13th amendment to the constitution what and date

Answer 5

December 1865

ended slavery = 4 million a/a freed

Question 6

14th amendment to the constitution what and date

Answer 6

July 1968

all citizens equal protection under the law + defined citizen

Question 7

15th amendment to the constitution what and date

Answer 7

February 1870

guaranteed male citizens right to vote (but was later overcome by poll tax, literacy tests and grandfather clauses)

Question 8

what was the position of freed slaves (4 topics to consider)

Answer 8

Freedman's bureau
Representation
Sharecropping
Economic
Education

Question 9

Freedman’s bureau

Answer 9

1865 - 1872
meant to assist freedmen in the south
spent $5million on education
meant to role out 40 acres and a mule policy but only 2000 families acquired the land - failed as had 858,000 acres of abandoned land to give
undermanned and underfunded - never more than 900 people working for it

Question 10

representation

Answer 10

ok
2 senators
16 in house of representatives
1000 held local posts
but
gerrymandering
black codes (poll tax, grandfather clauses, literacy tests)

Question 11

sharecropping

Answer 11

a/a farms piece of land and in payment white land owner took a proportion of the crop
also loans taken by a/a to cover costs of equipment
left freedmen in large amounts of debt, often in a worse position than they had been in slavery
1870 - only around 30,000 a/a owned land

Question 12

economic position

Answer 12

very poor as southern economy in disarray after civil war
eg: 1864 98% of exports from the union, 2% from the confederacy
also union 300,000 cotton bales, confederacy produced a negligible amount as had been destroyed by the civil war
but some small success stories eg Isaac Myers founded a co-operative in Baltimore 1865, raised $10,000 and bought a shipyard employing 300 a/a

Question 13

education

Answer 13

1830s = anti-literacy laws forbade free and enslaved black people from becoming literate
freedman’s bureau opened 1000 schools across the south for black pupils

Question 14

problem of many advances a/a made after civil war

Answer 14

not sustainable

when reconstruction ended so did most of the money

Question 15

After the civil war what positives came for A/A

Answer 15

• After civil war 700,000 black males registered to vote in the south vs 600,000 white
• 1869-77 black senators were elected to the US congress
• In republican controlled states, black legislators contributed to state laws increasing funding for education and public facilities
• Black sheriffs were elected in Mississippi
• Black republicans even outnumbered white republicans due to southern whites voting democrat.

Tripling of black literacy levels as illiteracy fell from 90% in 1860 to 70% in 1880

Question 16

After the civil war what negatives were still in place for A/A

Answer 16

• The proportion of black officials was far short of black vote
• No state elected a blacked governor
• No state senate had a black majority
• Charles Caldwell (black senator) was shot by white

Question 17

The rise off the KKK

Answer 17

• The KU KLUX KLAN was a secret order stablished in Tennessee by war hero general Nathan Bedford Forrest
• Its main aims were to retore white supremacy and oppose the North
• There were approximately 500,000 members across the south
• The KKK destroyed 25 public schools and killed 50 black teacher in Mississippi
• Thousands of black Americans were murdered by the Klan tho blacks fought back in majority areas
• Lynching was widespread and usually done at night. After the KKK act was passed in 1871 there were so many indictment that the federal court system couldn’t cope.

Question 18

How the US government responded to the KKK

Answer 18

• In 1870-71 congressed passed 3 acts
• The 3rd of these acts was known as the Ku Klux Klan act and gave pres grant legal and military power to crash the Klun
• Ex confederate soldiers continued to use violence against black Americans in the south
• White league in Louisianan after disputed election in 1873 led to a black militia holding the town of Colfax for 14 days

Question 19

How successful was reconstruction in increasing equality really?

Answer 19

Reconstruction did bring about some gains
• 13th, the freedmen’s bureau, civil rights act, 14th amendment military reconstruction, 15 amendment, enforcement acts, another civil rights act. Huge positive even though some did not work.
• Political experience for elected officials at both state and federal level
• Freedom of movement
• Confidence and opportunity to build their own institutions, e.g. churches
• Tripling of black literacy levels as illiteracy fell from 90% in 1860 to 70% in 1880
• Funding for education increased and prestigious black universities like Howard in Washington DC
• These uni helped to produce the future civil rights campaigners and leader