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JCTS > JCTS Teacher Candidate 2024 Study Guide > Flashcards

JCTS Teacher Candidate 2024 Study Guide Flashcards

Study for L & O

1
Q

Name the first organized church founded by the Reverend Johnnie Colemon.

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

In 1956, Christ Unity Temple was founded by Johnnie Colemon. She began her ministry in a rented space at 6156 Cottage Grove in Chicago.

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2
Q

Who was Mrs. Lula Parker?

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

Lula Parker was Johnnie Colemon’s mother, and she guided Johnnie Colemon to Unity School of Christianity to find her healing.

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3
Q

When was the Universal Foundation for Better Living (UFBL) founded? Where is it currently incorporated?

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

UFBL was founded in 1974 and is currently incorporated in Florida.

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4
Q

What is the vision of UFBL?

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

The Universal Foundation for Better Living aspires to be an empowering agent that prepares and supports leaders and their congregations to do ministry effectively in the world.

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5
Q

What is the Mission of UFBL?

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

The mission of the foundation is to organize, coordinate and encourage the establishment, growth and development of its member churches, centers, and study groups.

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6
Q

Who was Don Nedd and what contribution did he make to the Universal Foundation for Better Living?

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

Don Nedd was Johnnie Colemon’s 2nd husband. He wrote a small creed entitled “What We Believe”.

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7
Q

Who was the first elected President of the Universal Foundation for Better Living? What year was the President elected?

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

The Reverend Dr. Sheila McKeithan was the first elected president of UFBL and she was elected in 2013.

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8
Q

Who was the first appointed President of the Universal Foundation for Better Living?

Johnnie Colemon: Her Story Her Works

A

The Reverend Dr. Mary A. Tumpkin was the first appointed president of UFBL. She was appointed by the Rev. Dr. Johnnie Colemon in 1995.

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9
Q

Can inspiration come from the Superconscious Phase of the Mind and go straight to the Subconscious Phase of the Mind? Explain

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

The Subconscious Phase of Mind receiving inspiration directly from the Superconscious Phase of Mind is PURE (clear passage through the Conscious Phase of Mind). This yields an unadulterated God experience.

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10
Q

Does the Subconscious Mind have the power to do original thinking?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

No. The Subconscious Mind influences our thinking, but it does not do original thinking. The subconscious mind is our feeling nature.

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11
Q

Define New Thought.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

New Thought is a term used to cover a wide range of approaches to God, the world, to life and its seeming problems.

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12
Q

What are the four phases/components of New Thought?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Philosophical, Theological, Psychological, Practical

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13
Q

Define Philosphical.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

The fundamental study of knowledge, reality, and existence.

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14
Q

What is UFBL’s philosophical approach?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Idealism. UFBL believes that Reality is in the Idea; and that all things begin as an Idea; and that ideas are permanent and can never be depleted.

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15
Q

Define Theological.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

The study of the nature of God.

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16
Q

What is UFBL’s theological approach?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Mysticism. UFBL believes that everyone has a unique and direct connection to the Divine, needing no mediator

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17
Q

Define Psychological.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

The study of the human mind and behavior.

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18
Q

What is UFBL’s psychological approach?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Pragmatism. UFBL believes you are only held to believe what you can prove in your life, world, and affairs. UFBL believes that an idea is pragmatic only when it becomes true for you.

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19
Q

What is Practical?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Capable of being used in our everyday lives. This phase ties in all elements of New Thought. This is the action phase where Truth becomes demonstrable and when New Thought becomes a science that can be applied and replicated.

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20
Q

What is the primary cause of suffering?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

The primary cause of suffering is forgetfulness of our divine nature as an offspring of God and as a spiritual being.
We have forgotten that as spiritual beings, we have dominion over our thoughts and feelings.

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21
Q

What is the secondary cause of suffering?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A
  1. Wrong thinking that causes humankind to have a belief of being separated from God.
  2. Our unwillingness, because of fear and indifference, to make an effort to let go of these wrong beliefs that bind us.
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22
Q

What is the remedy for suffering?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A
  1. To realize that we are spiritual beings.
  2. Watch every thought and base every thought and feeling on Truth
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23
Q

What are the five responsibilities of the offspring of God as espoused by UFBL?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Right Thinking
Right Feelings
Right Words
Right Actions
Right Reactions

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24
Q

Can you run from adversity? Explain this concept.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

No. Everything that is in our life had its beginning in our mind. Adversity is the result of our wrong use of our thoughts, feelings, actions, and reactions. Therefore, wherever we go, we take our mind (thoughts attitudes, and feelings) with us.

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25
Q

Explain the concept there is only “One Power and One Presence” in the universe.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

God is all there is – there is nothing else. Because God is All, there is no situation or condition in which God cannot be found.

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26
Q

Name the five Basic Truth principles.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A
  • Omnipresence of God
  • Divinity of Humankind
  • Value and Power of Thought
  • Practicing the Presence
  • Law of Demonstration
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27
Q

Explain the Omnipresence of God.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Everything that exists, or ever will exist is pressed out of the body of God (God-Substance) in different forms of manifestation. Since the nature of God is absolute good, and everything is God-substance, there can be no evil in reality. (Psalm 139 7-8)

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28
Q

Explain the Divinity of Humankind

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Humankind is made in the image-likeness of God.
SPIRITUAL “MAN” (Genesis 1:26)
MANIFEST “MAN” (Genesis 2:7)

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29
Q

Explain the Value and Power of Thought.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

It is through thinking that humankind forms that which we have in our lives.
(Proverbs 23:7)

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30
Q

Explain Practicing the Presence.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Living in the presence of God through Prayer: communication with God, Meditation: conscious thought on aspects of God, and Silence: listening to God.
(Philippians 4:8)

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31
Q

Explain the Law of Demonstration.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

The Law of Mind Action: Like begets like. Humankind’s responsibility as Children of God: Right Thinking, Right Words, Right Feelings, Right Actions, Right Reactions.
(Luke 12:32)

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32
Q

Name the five main ideas of the character and attributes of God as espoused by UFBL.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A
  • Life – the idea in Divine Mind of Activity
  • Love – the idea in Divine Mind of Universal Oneness
  • Wisdom – the idea in Divine Mind of Orderly Knowledge
  • Substance – the idea in Divine Mind of Perfect Form
  • Power – the idea in Divine Mind of Dominion and Authority
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33
Q

How does the main attribute of Life function?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

As health, wholeness, and energy.

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34
Q

How does the main attribute of Love function?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Love binds, attracts, cements, unifies, equalizes, harmonizes. It functions in man as devoted service, kindness, unselfishness, tender compassion, cooperation, and goodwill. It functions in the Universe as attraction, magnetism, order, and harmony.

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35
Q

How does the main attribute of Wisdom function?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

It functions in man as intelligence, inspiration, intuition. It functions in animals as instinct.

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36
Q

How does the main attribute of Substance function?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

It functions in Man as body, abundance, light, sound, heat. It functions in creation as earth, air, water, rocks, mountains, trees, animals, birds, insects, etc., food (all edible material), clothing, building.

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37
Q

How does the main attribute of Power function?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Power is the ability to do, ability to accomplish, ability to produce, ability to master. It functions in man as formative thought, reserve strength, energy. It functions in the universe as moving force, vitality.

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38
Q

Explain what is meant when we teach God is Divine Mind.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

God is Divine Mind in which inhere all the divine ideas on which creation is based. It is the medium through which Principle functions: “The functioning of the principles of Being; Spirit in action… It is that which, through orderly processes, produces things.” (Page 56, Revealing Word.)

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39
Q

Is UFBL or JCTS a Divine Idea?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

No. Divine Ideas come out of the invisible; aspects and qualities of God. What is visible in the physical world is NOT a Divine Idea. What is visible is a manifestation of a Divine Idea.

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40
Q

Explain individuality.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Individuality is our spiritual identity. It is unlimited and eternal, unchanging, that which is real, Spirit, Christ Self (within). Individuality is the term used to denote the real person. The more God becomes visible through a person, the more individualized they become. The more pronounced the qualities of wisdom, intelligence, love, power comes forth into visibility through a person, the greater their individuality.

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41
Q

Explain personality

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Personality is limited, changeable, that which exists, human, adverse ego. It is the sum total of our former thinking. It is God expression on this plane. Personality comes from the Greek word “persona” which means mask worn by actors in the amphitheater that actors would change according to the the play and their part in it. Personality belongs to the region governed by the intellect. It may be agreeable or disagreeable to others. It is the outer changeable person.

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42
Q

What is Thinking? Explain

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Thinking is the movement of ideas. It is God’s plan for us, in our thinking, to bring forth on earth (outer) the good that already exists for us in heaven (inner). Thinking is imaging. It is the process by which we bring into our lives what we choose.

43
Q
  1. We teach there “One Mind”, why does there appear to be many minds?

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Each individual has consciousness in the One Mind. That consciousness is determined by the kind of thoughts, feelings, words, actions, and reactions the individual has. Humankind uses this One Mind according to their level of understanding.

44
Q
  1. Name the two ways the judgement faculty operates.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

The Judgement faculty is (a) guided by Spirit and (b) based on outer appearance.

45
Q

Define affirmation

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

An affirmation is a statement of Truth used to establish in our consciousness the truth about God, humankind, and the universe. It is a prayer technique of positive assertions. It is a “YES” attititude of the mind. It is a statement of Truth that puts us in contact with the Law. It is a firm statement that makes firm in our mind that which already is.

46
Q

Define Denial

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Denial is the erasing, cleansing, and the releasing from consciousness ALL beliefs, thoughts, and concepts contrary to Truth.

47
Q

Give examples of Denials.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A
  • There is no evil.
  • There is no absence of Life, Substance, or Intelligence anywhere.
  • Pain, sickness, poverty, old age, and death cannot master me for they are not real.
  • There is nothing in all the universe for me to fear, for greater is he within me than he that is in the world.
48
Q

Give examples of Affirmations

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A
  • God is Life, Love, Intelligence, Substance, Omnipotence, Omniscience, Omnipresence.
  • I AM a child or manifestation of God and every moment Its Life, Love, Wisdom, Power flow into and through me. I AM One with God, and I AM governed by Its Law.
  • I AM Spirit, Perfect, Holy, Harmonious. Nothing can hurt me or make me afraid. I manifest my Real Self through this body now.
  • God works in me to will and to do whatsoever God wishes me to do, hence God cannot fail.
49
Q
  1. Explain the Law of the Universe “Like Begets Like”.

Foundation Principles: Basic Truth Review

A

Every persistent thought produces after its kind. Spiritual law is “we are what we think”. Negative thoughts give negative results. Affirmative thoughts give positive thoughts.

50
Q

What was Charles Fillmore’s role in the New Thought Movement?

History of New Thought

A

He was co-founder of Unity School of Christianity and developed a distinct interpretation of the bible. He expanded “Keys to Scripture” by Mary Baker Eddy into “Mysteries of Genesis”. He started a new magazine “Modern Thought”

51
Q

What was Myrtle Fillmore’s role in New Thought?

History of New Thought

A

She was co-founder of Unity School of Christianity. She began Society of Silent Help which later became known as Silent Unity.

52
Q

What was Mary Baker Eddy’s role in the New Thought Movement?

History of New Thought

A

Mrs. Patterson who later was known as Mary Baker Eddy was the founder of Christian Science.

53
Q

What was Phineas B. Quimby’s role in the New Thought Movement

History of New Thought

A

He is credited as the founder of New Thought in America.

54
Q

What was Nona Brooks’s role in the New Thought Movement?

Histort of New Thought

A

Along with Malinda Cramer, Nona Brooks was co-founder of Divine Science.

55
Q

What is a Metaphysician?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Metaphysicians deal in the realm that is beyond (meta) appearance (physical) and are interested in the order of the universe. A metaphysician is an explorer of self and is “one skilled in the science of Being; a student and teacher of the laws of Spirit.” Looking beyond literal fundamental Christian beliefs makes the New Thought Christian a metaphysician.

56
Q

Define Metaphysics?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Metaphysics is an approach to religion borrowed from philosophy. Man’s attempt to understand his inner voice has created metaphysics.

57
Q

What is Christian Metaphysics?

A

The study of God as it relates to humankind. It is a scientific study using the principle of mind action and the teachings of Jesus the Christ to determine the nature of God and how its relationship is to the nature of humankind.

58
Q

What are the 3 branches of Metaphyics?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Epistemology, Ontology, and Cosmology.

59
Q

What is Epistemology?

Christian Metaphysics

A

the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge

60
Q

What is UFBL’s Epistemology?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Know thyself.

61
Q

What is Ontology?

Christian Metaphysics

A

the philosophical study of being, as well as related concepts such as existence, becoming, and reality

62
Q

What is UFBL’s Ontology?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Man is made in image and likeness of God mind.

63
Q

What is Cosmology?

Christian Metaphysics

A

a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe

64
Q

What is UFBL’s Cosmology?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Ultimate Reality is beyond the phyical realm. There are 2 worlds or states of mind created by God.

65
Q

What is consciousness?

Christian Metaphysics

A

A sense of awareness, of knowing. Consciousness is the knowledge or realization of any idea, object, or condition.

66
Q

Explain two levels of consciousness.

Christian Metaphysics

A
  1. Stage consciousness which is the level of consciousness where we spend the greatest amount of time and we live from there. We live in the stage of one the four levels of consciousness for most of our lives.
  2. State consciousness is the temporary experience of another level of consciousness. Humankind can slip into another state of consciousness from time to time.
67
Q

Define the “Kingdom of Heaven”

Christian Metaphysics

A

The Christ Consciousness. The Realm of Divine Ideas. It is the orderly adjustment of Divine Ideas in the mind and body of humankind. The Kingdom of God is an Absolute. It is based on the relative perception of the Kingdom of God.

68
Q

Name at least 10 types of Consciousness listed in the book Heart-Centered Metaphysics.

Christian Metaphysics

A

Christ (Spiritual) Consciousness
Illumined Consciousness
Child of God Consciousness
Inner Consciousness
Centers of Consciousness
Positive Consciousness
Body Consciousness
Material Consciousness
Sense Consciousness
Negative Consciousness

69
Q

What is Christ (Spiritual) Consciousness

A

Consciousness built in accordance with the Christ ideal, or in absolute relationship to God. the perfect mind that was in Christ Jesus.

70
Q

What is Illumined Consciousness?

A

A mind purified by the light of Truth.

71
Q

What is Child of God Consciousness?

A

A state of mind that is conscious of God’s ideal human.

72
Q

What is Inner Consciousness?

A

The realm of the supermind as contrasted with the outer or conscious mind.

73
Q

What are Centers of Consciousness?

A

The subconscious realm in humankind has 12 great centers of action. Each of these 12 centers has control of a certain function in mind and body.

74
Q

What is Positive Consciousness?

A

A mind filled with God thoughts such as power, strength, generosity, purity, and optimism.

75
Q

What is Body Consciousness?

A

The subconscious mind in its work in the body—repairing, renewing, and conducting the functions of the body in harmony and health if right ideas are given to it, or disintegrating the organism and producing inharmonious action of the functions if untrue thoughts are sown in the mind.

76
Q

What is Material Consciousness?

A

A state of mind based on belief in the reality of materiality, or things as they appear. It is carnal mind expressing its unbelief in the omnipresence of God.

77
Q

What is Sense Consciousness?

A

A mental state that believes in and acts through the senses. To rise out of sense consciousness, we determine to return to conscious oneness with God.

78
Q

What is Negative Consciousness?

A

A mind filled with unGodlike thoughts, such as fear, hate, greed, lust, resentments, discouragement, sickness, and poverty.

79
Q

What are the four Levels of Consciousness

Christian Metaphysics

A

Victim, Victor, Vessel and Verity

80
Q

What is victim consciousness?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Victim consciousness occurs when I believe and feel that everything is happening TO ME. I am a victim of the world I see and experience. I have little or no control over what is happening to me.

81
Q

What is Victor consciousness?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Victor consciousness occurs when I believe that I have some ability to control the world and events around me, especially my experience of them. A certain amount of the world, events and my experiences are controlled BY ME. I have discovered the innate power of my mind. This state of consciousness still contains some victim consciousness ; in order for there to be a victor, there must be a victim.

82
Q

What is vessel consciousness?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Vessel consciousness occurs when I have realized there is something greater or bigger than I think, feel or believe I am. This something greater is God, Spirit, Chirst, or Divine Mind. I believe I am an instrument, conduit or vessel of God, Spirit, Christ or Divine Essense. This consciousness is when I believe It is IN ME. An even higher expression of vessel consciousness is when I believe I am an expression of God, Spirit, Christ or Divine Essence; but this is not quite Oneness. Vessel consciousness is also when I believe God is showing up AS ME. This is still a level of victim consciousness because there is a sense something is happening to me and that something is God.

83
Q

What is verity consciousness?

Christian Metaphysics

A

Verity consciousness occurs when I finally come to realize Oneness. This is when I realize there is no such thing as God, or Divine Mind, and me. This is when I realize Christ Consciousness. This is when I realize my most profound understanding is that It IS ME

84
Q

Who is Myrtle Fillmore and what role did she play in the New Thought Movement?

Spiritual Healing and Prayer

A

Myrtle Fillmore was co-founder of Unity School of Christianity and was considered the “Mother of Unity”. She began Society of Silent Help, now known as Silent Unity, a prayer group. She also had a children’s magazine “Wee Wisdom”. She developed the Daily Word.

85
Q

Are all prayers answered?

Spiritual Healing and Prayer

A

Prayer is impotent and unfruitful when the one who prays is without the firm belief that his petitions are answered. When man turns wholeheartedly to God, the prayer of faith brings forth abundantly.

86
Q

What is Theology?

Fillmorian Theology

A

There is no universally accepted definition of the term theology. Theos (God), logos (word or thought). God thought and God talk. The study of the nature of God.

87
Q

What is embedded theology?

Fillmorian Theology

A

First-order theology; daily encounters with one’s Christianity. Day-to-day decisions are based upon embedded theology. It is institutional theology.

88
Q

What is deliberative theology?

Fillmorian Theology

A

Second-order theology; the understanding of faith that emerges from the process of careful reflection, inspection, and examination. An examination of one’s implicit theology. It is our personal theology.

89
Q

What is implicit theology?

Fillmorian Theology

A

Formal and informal, planned and unplanned. Theology that is deeply in place and at work as we live as Christians.

90
Q

What is the Bible? Explain both Literal and Metaphysical meanings.

Bible

A

Literal - The Bible comes from the Greek word ta biblia, which means “The Books”. The Bible is a collection of many individual works.

Metaphysical - The Bible is the story of our spiritual growth. It records the development of the human soul. It records what happens when we are in different states of consciousness. Each person finds their own truth as they understand what the Bible characters mean. It is part of God’s divine plan that humankind discovers themselves as an important channel of energy-intelligence.

91
Q

How does Charles Fillmore characterize the Bible?

Bible

A

Charles Fillmore states that the Bible is the story of man’s generation, his degeneration, and his regeneration. Charles Fillmore believes that the Bible has a nature to that similar of man. In Mysteries of Genesis he writes: As man is a threefold being, spirit, soul, it is body as a book of history; soul as a teacher of morals; and spirit as a teacher of the mysteries of being.

92
Q

Name the three essential parts of Inductive Bible Study.

Bible

A
  1. Observation
  2. Interpretation
  3. Application
93
Q

What is an Allegory?

Bible

A

Webster says that it comes from the Greek word “allegoria” meaning “description of one thing under the image of another.” The definition is “The veiled presentation, in a figurative story, of a meaning metaphorically implied but not expressly stated. Allegory is prolonged metaphor, in which typically a series of actions are symbolic of other actions

94
Q

Name the six allegories espoused in UFBL/JCTS Bible courses that are found in the first eleven chapters of Genesis.

Bible

A
  1. Creation of spiritual man (Genesis 1)
  2. Creation of manifest man (Genesis 2)
  3. The Fall of Man (Genesis 3)
  4. Cain and Abel
  5. Noah and the Flood
  6. The Tower of Babel
95
Q

What is the Documentary Hypothesis and how does it impact the Torah/Pentateuch?

Bible

A

The German biblical scholar, Julius Wellhausen presented the theory that there were four sources (writers: Yahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and Priestly) of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy); which opposed the view that it was written by Moses. Each source had their own style of writing and could be identified to a specific period of time.

96
Q

What is the Inductive Bible Study?

Bible

A

A method is a systematic approach to studying Scripture that emphasizes discovering meaning through careful observation, interpretation, and application. Through these three steps, we apply inductive reasoning, which is defined as the attempt to use information about a specific situation to draw a conclusion. The steps are observation (what does it say?), interpretation (what does it mean?), and application (what does it mean for my life?).

97
Q

What is the importance of lesson plans?

Effective Teachiing

A

A lesson plan supports the teacher in delivering material effectively, helps students engage with and understand the content, and ensures that the learning process is both structured and flexible enough to adapt to students’ needs. A well-structured lesson plan is essential for both teachers and students because it helps facilitate clear communication, promotes engagement, and ensures the orderly progression of learning.

98
Q

Name at least 3 types of lesson plans.

Effective Teaching

A

Daily
Weekly,
Whole Unit,
Subject Specific
Monthly

99
Q

What is the purpose of visuals in teaching?

Effective Teaching

A

Visuals enhance lessons and illustrate points throughout class lessons. It encourages problem-solving and critical thinking. Can improve the learning experience. Cater to different learning styles.

100
Q

Name the seven laws of teaching as espoused by John Milton Gregory.

Effective Teaching

A
  1. The Law of the Teacher
  2. The Law of the Learner
  3. The Law of Language
  4. The Law of the Lesson
  5. The Law of the Teaching Process
  6. The Law of the Learning Process
  7. The Law of Review and Application
101
Q

Explain the key differences between pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy in terms of their approaches to learning and teaching?

Effective Teaching

A
  • Pedagogy is teacher centered learning where the teacher imparts knowledge on the student. The lesson and the curriculum is pre-determined.
  • Androgogy is adult centered learning. This includes self-learning and active participation in learning.
  • Heutagogy is self-directed learning. This is an advanced form of self-directed learning.
102
Q
  1. Define “metacognition”

Effective Teaching

A

Metacognition is an awareness or analysis of one’s own learning or thinking processes. Some scholars call it “thinking about thinking”.

103
Q

What does it mean as a teacher “to lead from the known to the unknown”?

Effective Teaching

A

This is part of the Law of the Lesson. We learn what’s new through what is old and familiar. All teaching begins from some point. If a subject is wholly new then a known point must be sought by showing some likeness of the new to something known or familiar. Until the starting point is found, it is useless to go on.

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