January Mock Flashcards
Start supplying aid to US
1776
Aid sent in 1777
5 million livres
Debt in 1783
3.3 million livres with 45% of expenditure on debt
Poor harvests
1785
Assembly of Notables
Feb - May 1787
When were the parliaments lectured by the King?
Dec 1785
Expenditure on debt in 1788
50%
Calonne’s reform package
1786
Turgot’s Six Edicts
1776 - abolish privilege, Corvee royale and guilds forced through with lit de justice but later abandoned
Comte Rendu
1781
Nobility land ownership
25-33%
Percentage of population RCC
97%
Literacy rate in urban France
60%
Montesquieu
Separation of power + constitutional monarchy
Voltaire
Freedom of speech, lettres de cachet, anti-clericalism
Rousseau
Government derived from the people, anticlericalism
Diderot
Against organised religion
Turgot
1774-1776
Necker
1777-1781
Calonne
1783-1787
Brienne
Appointed after Assembly of Notables, failed land tax - lit de justice failed and petitions for EG start in July 1787.
Revolt of the Nobles
May-Aug 1788, Prov. Parlements flooded with remonstrances.
Don gratuit partially granted
June 1788
Day of Tiles
June 1788
Declaration of bankruptcy
August 1788
Announcement by Paris Parlement that Estates General would follow 1614, causing divisions.
Sep 1788
Double representation granted
Dec. 1788
What is the Third Estate?
Jan 1789
Rebellion Riots
April 1789
Spending on bread in Earl 1789
88%
Ceremony of Estates General
4th May 1789
First session of Estates General
5th May 1789
National Assembly formed
17th June
Clergy invited to join National Assembly
9th June
Dauphin dies
4th June
Worries about King dissolving National Assembly led to Tennis Court Oath
20th June 1789
Troops in capital
4800 on 27th June then 30,000 on 4th july including mercenaries
King recognised National Assembly and gave them double representation
27th June 1789
Dismissal of Necker
11th July
Bread prices on 14th July
Highest since 1715
Raiding of sword-smiths and gun shops in case of royal assault. 40/54 customs barriers destroyed. NG and Commune set up.
12th-13th July
What happened from 12th-13th July?
Raiding of sword shops in case of royal assault. 40/54 customs barriers destroyed.
Fall of the Bastille
14th July - 8000 descended on Les Invalides and went to Bastille for gunpowder. Governor decapitated.
King’s appearance at Hotel de Ville
17th July - reinstatement of Necker , acceptance of NA.
The Great Fear
17th July - 3rd August. Expectation of ending to burdens. Refusal to pay taxes and chateaux attacked. Feudal rights paper destroyed. Fear of marauding brigands stealing gran and nobles returning with foreign armies.
Abolition of feudal rights
4th August - ensure they pay their taxes and further Enlightenment ideas
August Decrees
Feudal dues, rights over dovecotes, hunting, seigneurial courts, tithes and venality abolished.All citizens eligible for positions. Equal taxation.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
26th August. Refused by King as it went against Divine Right.
King offered suspensory veto and summoned troops to capital + held banquet
August 1789
Women set out from Paris to Versailles with NG. King forced to accept AD and DOROMAC. Royals moved to Paris
5th October 1789
Royal family escorted to Tuileries
6th October 1789
Why were church reforms a priority?
Link to AR, Enlightenment, nun+ monks seen as wasters, wealth.
Church reforms
August 1789 - June 1790. Pluralism, annates, tithe and don gratuit abolished.
Church property nationalised
2nd November
Full citizenship for Protestants and all religious orders dissolved
December 1789
Selling of monastic land
Feb 1790
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
12th July 1790, administration in line with departements, paid state officials and bishops elected.
King forced to accept CCC
December 1790
Oath to CCC
27th November 1790. 7/160 bishops and 55% of clergy.
Papal bull + non-jurying priests were counter revolutionary.
April 1791
Declaration of Pillnitz
27th August
Army officers abroad 1791
60%
Legislative Assembly formed
October 1791
Banishment of emigres and refractory priests treated as traitors
November 1791
Austria and Prussia formal alliance
February 1792
France declared war on Austria
20th April 1792
Massacre of own officer
April 1792
Deportation of refractory priests begins and the disbanding of the king’s guard
May 1792
King uses suspensory veto against three measures and dismisses his ministry
June 1792
Fall of Longwy
25th August
Fall of Verdun
September 1792
Brunswick Manifesto
25th August 1792
First Vendee Uprising
August 1792
House-searches by Danton
30th August 1792
Conscription declared
2nd September 1792
September Massacres
1000-1500 killed in gaols. Priests killed by federes. Encouraged by Commune and Marat. ‘Traitors should be put to the sword’
Aftermath of September Massacres
Fears of popular revolution, Girondins blamed Jacobins, powers of Assembly shown to be weak.
1st Revolutionary Journee
20th June 1792, 8000 demanded Louis withdraw veto on pro-war ministers. Louis promised nothing but the crowd was satisfied.
Army of the North in retreat
July 1792
La Patrie en Danger
July 1792
Robespierre’s Republic speech
29th july 1792
Brunswick Manifesto
August 1792
2nd Revolutionary Journee1
10th August 1792, 20,000 armed - exchange of fire and King’s guards massacred. King removed to Temple prison and declared temporarily suspended. UMS promised.
Tribunal for traitors set up
17th August 1792
Priests given two weeks to leave and compensation cancelled
26th August 1792
Lafayette defects and replaced by Dumouriez
August 1792
Elections for a new Convention with UMS
2nd September 1972
Declaration of Republic
22nd September 1792
French occupation of Austrian Netherlands
November 1792
Edict of Fraternity
November 1792
Discussions over King’s fate and committee set up
Nov - Dec 1792
Armoire de fer
20th nOVEMBER 1792
Execution of king
21st January 1793 - 693 voted guilty, 361 for death, 286 for detention and banishment. Appel nominal.
Attacks on Girondin printing presses
9th-10th March 1793
Indictment for Marat’s arrest
12th April 1793
Sans-culottes march on Convention for price controls
3rd May 1793 - 8000 led to General Maximum
Call for rising against corrupt deputies
26th mAY 1792
Thousands besiege Convention
31st May to 2nd June
90,000 surround Convention,
2nd June, 29 Girondins expelled
Federalist Revolt
Jacobins forced of Lyons in May 1793, Protests in 60/83. Toulon proclaimed Louis XVII King, army sent under Napoleon.
New Constitution
24th June 1793 - executive council, plebiscite hugely in favour, UMS, political action and public assistance.
Levee en masse - conscription
23rd August 1793
Men in arms
1 million by 1794
Success at Wattignes
October 1793
Natural Frontiers
End of 1793
Robespierre, Spain-Just, Carnot and Couthon
September 1793
Sands-culottes demand that all suspects be arrested
July 1793 after Marat’s death
March on Convention demanding lower bread prices and higher wages
5th September 1793
Revolutionary Army created
September 1793
Law of Suspects
17th September 1793
New General Maximum
29th September 1793
Savoy, Nice and Monaco taken
Sep 1792 - Jan 1793
Natural frontiers
1793
War on Britain declared
1st February 1793
War on Spain and Portugal and War of First Coalition
March 1793
Dumouriez defects
April 1793
British blockade of ports
July 1793
Vendee Uprising
March - December 1793. Whose than under Ancien Regime, protest against leve. 14th March = Catholic and Royal Army of Vendee. Convention sent 30,000 from front.
Destruction of Vendee decreed
1st August - army of 100,000 sent
Creation of CGS
October 1792
Levy for 300,000 men
February 1793
March 1793
Reps en mission, Revolutionary Tribunal, surveillance committees
Summary Execution Decree
19th March 1793
CPS created
April 1793
Law of 14 Frimaire II
4th December 1793 - gave CPS direct power
Revolutionary Army + popular societies shut down
March 1794
Laws of Ventose
Jan + March 1794 promising sharing out of property (never carried out)
Report to Convention denouncing Hebertists and Indulgents
March 1794
Expulsion of Hebertists and Indulgents
End of March 1794
New series of deist festival
March 1794
Recognition of a Supreme Being
7th May 1794
Festival of Supreme Being
8th June 1794
Law of 22 Prairial
10th June (no defence, acquittal or death)
Great Terror
June to July 1794, 1284 sentences and 278 aquitted. 35% nobles, 25% clergy and 40% bourgeosie
Maximum wage set
23rd July 1794
Popular Terror stats
92-94 = 40,000 executed, March - Sep = 260 cases + Sep -Dec = 500,000
Show trials
Began in October 1793 , Marie Antoinette = 16th, 21 Girondins in 36 minutes on 31st, 6th = d’Orleans
Revolutionary until peace: watch committees, revolutionary army, CGS spies
10th October
Vendee killings
7873 guillotined and 2000 by mass drownings
Toulon and Lyons death
750 shot in Toulon and 2000 killed by grape shot in Lyons
Dechristianisation became policy
October 1793
Archbishop resigned
7th November 1793
Robespierre’s final speech accusing members of Convention
26th July 1794
Saint - Just not allowed to speak and decree or Robespierre’s arrest followed by rest of CPs
27th July 1794
Robespierre and 22 associates found guilty + guillotined.
28th July - 87/95 Commune members died
Value of assignats 1/2
Feb 1793
Value of assignat 1/3
August 1793
Parlement banished to Troyes
Aug 1787
Separation of powers happens
July 1789
One chamber decided
September 1789
Suspensory veto given
September 1789
King of the French
October 1789
King’s private income reduced
By 20 million livres
Active and passive citizens
December 1789
Louis accepts constitution
September 1791
Abolition of old provinces
November 1789
6 legal reforms of NA
Judge within 24, open to public, lawyer, torture + branding + hanging abolished, fair sentences, property could not be seized
Assignats start being issued
December 1789
Gabelle abolished
March 1790
One off patriotic contribution of 25% of income
September 1789
New taxation system under NA
Land tax, property tax and commercial tax
All corporate bodies abolished
1791
Grain trade deregulated
August 1789
3 improvements in social mobility
State charities provided for the poor, public education + removal of barriers to high office
Le Chapelier Law
June 1791 no strikes or trade unions
4 political clubs
Noble faction, society of 89, jacobins, Cordeliers club
Three dominant politician-journalists
Desmoulins, Marat and Hebert
Mirabeau dies
April 1791
Prevented from leaving for Palace of Saint Cloud
April 1791
Flight to Varennes
20/21st June 1791
King temporarily suspended until new constitution
July 1791
Deputies abstained from voting to suspend King’s powers
290 in July 1791
Champ de Mars massacre
17th July 1791 - 6000
Importance of champ de Mars
Completed split between radicals and moderates
Draft of 300,000 ordered
February 1793
Summary Execution Decree
19th March 1793
Levee en masse
August 1793
War in December 1793
French military in the ascendant
1st General Maximum
May 1793
Vacancies filled by moderates
31st July 1794
Law of 22 Prairial repealed
1st August 1794
Revolutionary Tribunal reorganised and exile more frequently used
10th August 1794
Law on Revolutionary Government
24th August 1794
Powers of Paris Commune reduced
August 1794
Church and state separated
September 1794
Jacobin Club closed down
November 1794
Law of Maximum repealed
December 1794
Toleration for all regions proclaimed
Feb 1795
Reps en mission abolished
April 1795
Revolutionary Tribunal abolished
May 1795
Law of Suspects repealed
October 1795
What was the White Terror?
Purges by Muscadins and jeuness d’Oree who attacked Jacobins and sans culottes. Helped destroy Jacobin Club. Companies of Jesus and the Sun in western France attacked Jacobins.
Verona Declaration
June 1795 - Comte de Provence promised to restore French glory
Treaty of La Jaunaye
Feb 1795
General Hoche defeated a rising at Quiberon Bay
July 1795 - 700 emigres killed
Oath of loyalty for clergymen
Feb 1795
Victory at Fleurus
June 1794
Batavian Republic declared
Jan 1795
Peace of Basel
April 1795 - Prussians
Peace with Spain
July 1795
Real value of assignat 10th of original value
April 1795
Bread ration for Parisians fell to 60g per day
May 1795
Rising of Germinal
1st April 1795 - 10,000 sans culottes in Convention. Paris placed under martial law.
Rising of Prairial
20/21st May 1795 - sans culottes murdered deputy and troops brought in to drive them out. 20,000 then came and 40,000 troops dispelled with no shots fired.
Rising of Vendemiaire
5th October 1795 - royalist believing plebiscite had been rigged. 25,000 armed Parisians + Napoleon given command of 6000 troops -> 300 killed with grapeshot.
3 parts of directory
5 directors, council of 500, council of ancients
Constitution of Year III agreed
September 1795
Assignats virtually worthless
End of 1795
Poor harvest under Directory
1795
Mandats
Feb 1796 - 800 million francs to replace 24 billion
Mandats worthless
End of 1796
Weights and measured standardised
1796
Taxation system reorganised
Ramel in 1798 - achieved a balance of payments surplus
Brottier arrested and deported
Royalist uprising plan Jan 1797
Babeuf and conspirators executed
May 1797 - revival of Terror
Coup of fructidor
4th Sep 1797 - evidence that Pichegru had made contact with royalist emigres. 177 royalist deputies arrested.
Former members of the second estate declared foreigners
May 1797
Coup of Floreal
11th May 1798 - Law of 22 Floreal purged 127 deputies from Council of 500
Coup of Prairial
18th June 1798 - Sieyes ordered troops to capital after 2 directors would not stand down. Councils purged the Directors.
Law of Hostages
July 1799 - Sieyes allowed action against potential radicals.
Napoleon drove British from Toulon
August - December 1793
Commander of the Army of the Interior
October 1795 - after vendemiare uprising success
Commander in chief of Army in Italy
March 1796
Armistice of Cherasco
April 1796 - Piedmont-Sardinia withdrew from First Coalition
Successes in Italy
May 1796 led to Pope paying indemnities
Occupation of Venice
May 1797
Cisalpine + Ligurian Republics created
June 1797
Treaty of Campo Formio
October 1797 - without authority. Recognised french control over Austrian Netherlands, Austrian acceptance of republics
War of Second Coalition
1799
Napoleon refused to invade England
October 1797
Invasion of Egypt, Battle of Alexandria and Battle of Pyramids
July 1798
Directory agreed to Egypt invasion
March 1798
Nelson destroys French fleet at anchor in Aboukir Bay
August 1798
Jaffa taken
March 1799 - shot 2000 prisoners
Abandoned siege of Acre
Started in March and ended in May 1799
War of Second Coalition
March 1799
Countries in war of second coalition
Austria, Britain, Russia, Portugal and German and Italian states
Napoleon returned to France from Egypt
August 1799
3 ideas Napoleon implemented in the army
Forced marches, living off the land and misleading tactics
Sieyes becomes Director
May 1799
Assemblies persuaded to leave Paris away from Jacobin mobs. Napoleon took command of Parisian troops and all the Directors stood down.
9th November
Napoleon storms into the Council of Ancients then the 500 (Coup de Brumaire)
10th November
Consitution of Year VIII
24th December 1799 - first consul, council of state, senate, tribunate and legislative body
The three consuls
Napoleon, Cambaceres and Lebrun
Attempt on Napoleon’s life
24th December 1800 - 52 people killed
First plebiscite under the consulate
1800 -> 25% to 46%
Jacobins deported
129 in 1801
Napoleon responds to letter form Comte de Provence
Sep 1800 - you should not hope to return to France
Chouan prisoners under Napoleon
6000 prisoners and 750 shot in 1800
Bourbon prince executed
1804
Liberals banished
Madame de Stael and Benjamin Constant in 1803
Peace of Amiens
1802
3 x reconciliation
Protection of Catholicism, overtures to refractory priests and emigres + foreign policy successes
Napoleon offered position as Consul for Life
1802
Constitution of Year X
1802 - voting for notables
Constitution of Year XII
1804-47%
Emperor
2nd December 1804 Notre Dame
Crowned against as King of Italy
26th May 1804
Use of senatus consultum
January 1801
Purge of Senate, Tribunate and Legislative Body
Jan - Mar 1802
Last meeting of Legislative Body
1813
Tribunate abolished
1810
Legion of Honour created
1802
How many legions of honour from civilians?
1500/32,000
Napoleonic nobility created
1808
Knight of the Empire
1808 - hereditary after 3 generations
Granted titles to members of his family
1804 following coronation
Titles under Napoleon
59% to military men and 22.5% to old nobility.
Education law under Napoleon
1802 - ecole populaire (subject to inspection by sub-prefects) and lycees for boys with open scholarship examination
Lycees statistics
2400/6400 went to sons of soldiers
By 1812, one third of personnel in lycees and colleges priests
Imperial University established
1808 - teacher training and curriculum
Civil Code under Napoleon
1804 - women granted more control over property when married + introduction of divorce by mutual consent although still hugely restricted
Reduction in Paris newspapers from 73 to 13
Jan 1800
Paris newspapers allowed to publish newspapers
4 in 1801
Provincial papers reduced to one per departement
1810
200 to 60 Paris publishers who had to obtain licenses
1808
New censorship board created
Jan 1810
Napoleon decreed that churches could be open any day of the week
December 1799
Sunday decreed as day of rest
July 1800
Concordat and term
July 1801, Catholicism recognised as religion of majority, Pope recognised new regime in France and Bishops would be appointed by First Consul.
Organic Articles
1802 following publishing of Concordat saying government approval needed before Pope/ papal legate/documents entering
France moved back to Gregorian calendar
Jan 1806
French troops occupied Rome
1808
Napoleon imprisoned Pope
1809
Napoleon forced the Pope to sign the Concordat of Fontainebleau.
Napoleon’s financial and economic aims
Pay for war, maintain Empire and ensure political stability
Treaty of Luneville
1801 - France allowed to keep former gains and Austria loses all land in Italy
End of War of Second Coalition
1802
Bank of France
January 1800
Prefects created
February 1800
6000 Chouan prisoners and 750 shot
1800
Success against Austrians at Battle of Marengo
June 1800
Napoleon responds to letter from Comte de Provence
September 1800
Failed dagger conspiracy by Jacobins to assassinate Napoleon
October 1800
Plebiscite changed from 25-46% voter turnout
November 1800
Jacobins wrongly accused of bomb plot
December 1800
Austrians defeated at Hohenlinden
December 1800
Attempt to assassinate Napoleon
24th December 1800
Napoleon begins using senatus consultum
January 1801
Treaty of Luneville with Austria
February 1801
Concordat with new Pope
July 1801
129 Jacobins arrested and deported
1801
Purge on Senate, Tribunate and Legislative Body
Jan-March 1802
Publication of Concordat and Organic Articles
April 1802
Peace of Amiens with Britain ending Second Coalition
1802
Chambers of Commerce created in 23 cities
1802
Legion of Honour created
1802
Napoleon offered Consul for Life
1802
Constitution of Year X plebiscite
51% turnout 1802
Ecole populaire and lycees created
1802
Madame de Stael and Benjamin Comstanf banished
1803
Britain declares war on France
May 1803
Bourbon Prince found guilty of conspiring against Napoleon executed
1804
Constitution of Year XII plebiscite
47.2% turnout 1804
Civil code
1804
Imperial Gendarmerie
1804
Napoleon directly appoints judges
1804
Napoleon consecrated as Emperor in Notre Dame
2nd December 1804
Granted princely titles to members of family
1804
Third Coalitiom - Russia, Austria and Britain
1805
Nelson destroys Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar
October 1805
Austria defeated at Ulm + Napoleon enters Vienna unopposed
October 1805
Austro-Prussia’n forces defeated at Austerlitz leading to Austria leaving coalition
December 1805
Gregorian calendar reinstated
Jan 1806
Comfederation of Rhine created which provoked Prussians
July 1806
Prussians join coalition
September 1806
Prussians crushed at Jena and Napoleon enters Berlin
October 1806
Bad harvests
1806, 1809 onwards
New official catechism introduced in schools
1806
Code standardising court practice
1806
Berlin Decree
November 1806
Creation of continental system
1806
Renamed Code Napoleon
1807
New land register starts being drawn up
1807
Serfdom abolished in Grand Duchy of Warsaw
1807
Commercial code introduced
1807
Central bureau for state finances
September 1807
Orders in Council
November 1807
Milan Decree
December 1807
Lisbon taken + Portuguese royal family fled
December 1807
Prussia and Russia defeated at Eylau
February 1808
Napoleon orders occupation of Rome and annexes Papal States
February 1808
Napoleon forces abdication of Charles and Ferdinand
March 1808
Peace of Tilsit between Napoleon and Tsar
June 1808
Spanish Army of Andalusia defeat Napoleon at Battle of Bailen
July 1808
Joseph imposed as King of Spain
August 1808
Wellington defeats France at Battle of Vimiero
August 1808
Napoleon placed himself as head of the army in Spain
November 1808
Enters Madrid with 80,000 troops
December 1808
Knight of the Empire made hereditary after three generations
1808
Sub-branches of bank set up across the country
1808
Code of practice of trial by jury
1808
Imperial University founded
1808
Napoleon forced to leave Spain
January 1809
Austrians re-enter war
February 1809
Austrians invade Bavaria
April 1809
Austrians defeated at Eckmuhl
April 1809
Napoleon enters Vienna
May 1809
French defeat at Essling
June 1809
Austrians defeated at Wagram but lost 34,000
July 1809
Treaty of Schonbrunn with Austria
October 1809
Napoleon’s divorce
January 1810
Censorship board for all publications
January 1810
Tribunate abolished
1810
New penal code including death penalty
1810
Tsar breaks trade embargo
December 1810
End of double-jury system
1811
Tsar allies with Sweden
March 1812
Invasion of Russia and failure to liberate Lithuanians
June 1812
Napoleon enters scorched Moscow
September 1812
French retreat due to starvation -> 650,000 to 10,000
October 1812
Napoleon abandons Russians campaign
December 1812
Malet conspiracy
December 1812
Russia and Prussia sign armistice
December 1812
Concordat of Fontainebleau
January 1813
Prussians and Russians declare war on Napoleon
March 1813
Napoleon declares war on Prussia
April 1813
Britain declare war on France = Fourth Coalition
June 1813
Joseph expelled from Spain
June 1813
Battle of the Nations
October 1813
Wellington enters Madrid
1813
French defeated at Toulouse
1814
Treaty of Chaumont to defeat Napoleon
March 1814
Allies enter Paris
30th March 1814
Treaty of Fontainebleau
April 1814
Louis XVIII invited to take throne
April 1814
Louis XVIII arrives in Paris
3rd May 1814
First Treaty of Paris
30th May 1814
Congress of Vienna
November 1814
5th country in land register
1815
Napoleon lands with 1000 men
1st March 1815
Rising against Bourbons in Lyons
9th March 1815
Napoleon declared an outlaw
11th March 1815
Royal army outside Paris defects
19th March 1815
Napoleon presents Acte Additionel
March 1815 - 22% turnout
Napoleon joins French Army and aims to prevent British and Prussian troops joining
12th June 1815
Defeats Prussians
16th June 1815
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo thanks to Prussian back up
18th June 1815
Napoleon abdicates
22nd June 1815
Louis XVIII renters France
8th July 1815
Surrender to British
15th July 1815
Second Peace of Paris
November 1815
