January 2019 Flashcards
Rebecca is 76 years old and is married to Daniel, who is 78 years old.
They have one daughter, Valentina, who is 48 years old, and one grandchild, Connor,
who is 17 years old.
Connor is currently in the life stage of adolescence.
(b) Identify one physical, one intellectual, one emotional and one social change that
should take place during his current life stage.
(4)
Physical: Aspects related to the development of secondary
sexual characteristics, e.g. pubic hair, underarm hair;
body/facial hair, changes in height/weight.
Intellectual: Abstract thinking, e.g. understanding concepts
such as love/God. Develops skills at
schools/college/university
Emotional: Changes in self-concept, e.g. see yourself as
more independent.
Social: Friends become more important than family;
secondary socialisation, e.g. influence of the media.
Accept any appropriate alternatives. Examples must be
specific to adolescence. Do not accept puberty or growth
spurt
Connor is completing his first year at sixth form. Connor has to sit four exams in the
next two weeks.
(c) Explain one negative impact and one positive impact of his studies on Connor’s
emotional development
Negative:
If he struggles to complete his work (1) may feel that he
is a failure (1).
If he does not do well in the exams (1) he may see
himself as unable to cope (1).
May feel stressed/anxious (1) as they are overwhelmed
/worried about workload (1).
Positive:
If he does well (1) will see himself as a successful
student (1).
If he organises his time/work (1) he will feel confident
about himself and his abilities (1).
Accept positive and negative references to impact on self-image/self-esteem/self-concept (1).
Accept any other appropriate answers.
Rebecca, aged 76, has smoked cigarettes since she was 16 years old. She has recently
been diagnosed with breast cancer.
(d) Describe two ways, other than cancer, that an individual’s physical health may be
affected by smoking.
(4)
Increased likelihood of heart disease (1) will impact on
life expectancy (1).
Damages lung tissue (1) leading to COPD (1).
Increase your blood pressure and heart rate/making
your heart work harder than normal (1) will reduce
ability to undertake physical activity (1).
Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that gets to the
skin (1) the skin ages more quickly/grey and dull (1).
Chemicals in cigarettes are damaging (1) can cause gum
disease/ damage your sense of taste (1).
Makes pre-existing conditions worsen (1) e.g. Asthma (1)
Do not accept references to cancer or causes asthma
Connor’s friends regularly drink alcohol and frequently binge drink.
(e) Explain how a young person may resist peer pressure.
(6)
For example:
May be independent/have self-confidence (1) will make
own decisions regarding lifestyle choices (1).
Find one other peer/friend who is willing to say ‘no’ too
(1) this will support individuals in resisting negative
influences (1).
Find other friends with values similar to yours (1) may
lead to positive lifestyle choices (1).
Paying attention to your beliefs about what is right and
what is wrong (1) can give you the inner strength/will to
resist peer pressure (1) meaning that you will be less
likely to follow peers’ behaviour (1).
Talk to someone you trust – parent, teacher and/or
school counsellor (1) gain knowledge of the negative
lifestyle choices and use this to resist peer pressure (1)
gain emotional support (1).
Accept any other valid response.
To what extent can alcohol consumption affect an individual’s health and
wellbeing?
(10)
NegativeIntoxication is strongly linked to accidents,
injuries, deaths, or domestic conflict, aggression and
violence, which may impact on family life.
Cirrhosis of the liver is mainly attributable to alcohol,
while breast cancer is partly attributable to alcohol.
Can contribute to high blood pressure, abnormal heart
rhythms, heart failure, and strokes.
Cost of alcohol may lead to cutting back on spending,
and impact on ability to partake in healthy diet or
physically/intellectually beneficial activities, e.g. the
gym.
Positive
Moderate consumption can be beneficial, such as
protection against heart disease.
Can aid social interaction, e.g. if shy.
Can relax people – reduce stress.
Rebecca, aged 76, previously worked as a cleaner. Daniel, aged 78, worked as
a self-employed builder.
Rebecca and Daniel are now retired, but do not have any savings, so they rely on their
state pension for their income.
Most months they just manage to pay their bills.
2 (a) Identify two physical features of Daniel’s life stage.
(2)
- Cardiovascular disease – age can increase the risks of
cardiovascular disease. - The degeneration of the nervous tissue.
- Osteoarthritis.
- Degeneration of the sense organs. Accept sight or
hearing etc (1). - The reduced absorption of nutrients.
- Dementia, to include Alzheimer’s disease.
reduction of muscle mass,
reduction of collagen/loss of elasticity of skin,
reduced immune response - Effects of illnesses that are common in
ageing.
Accept any appropriate alternatives.
Do NOT accept loss of mobility/Brittle bones /wrinkles
Rebecca undertakes voluntary work in a shop at the local hospital.
(b) Outline two benefits of social interaction for the psychological wellbeing of
individuals in later adulthood.
(4)
Reduces negative effects of social role changes (1) e.g.
retirement as they still have friends/ colleagues at work
(1).
Increase your sense of belonging and purpose (1)
boosts self-concept as may not feel ‘old’ (1).
Boost your happiness (1) Increased socialisation
opportunities (1).
New challenges of the role (1) provides intellectual
stimulation (1).
Reduced stress (1) improves self-image/self-esteem (1).
Improve your self-worth, (1) [and] help you cope with
traumas (1) (such as the death of a loved one as you
are busy at work).
Accept any appropriate alternatives.
Due to staff leaving, Rebecca has been asked to take on a new role controlling the
shop’s finance and mentoring the staff. To do this she is undertaking a computer
training course.
(c) Explain two ways that Rebecca’s new role will impact on her intellectual
development.
(4)
Will learn new skills, e.g. bookkeeping (1) this may offset
any age-related reduction in intellectual ability (1).
Learn skills relating to mentoring of the workers (1)
boost fluid intelligence/will remain intellectually
stimulated (1).
Will have to plan and manage time (1) will have to develop
her skills in using computers (1).
(d) Evaluate the impact of poverty on health and wellbeing for individuals in later
adulthood.
(10)
Positive
May adopt hobbies that are free, e.g. walking, going to
the local library leading to improved physical or
intellectual capacity.
Will be forced to plan finances and shopping carefully
/pride at managing in difficult circumstances, which can
empower people and lead to improved levels of selfworth.
May contact charities/political groups for support/will
develop social/political awareness.
Negative
Feel ashamed at the situation/can lead to
depression/negative self-concept.
Lose sense of purpose as cannot engage in leisure
activities or socialise/leading to low self-esteem.
Lack social opportunities/ lose friends/withdraw from
society.
Have poor diet/ which will negatively impact on health.
Not be able to afford to heat house/ can led to health
issues.
Have to rely on family/friends for financial
support/embarrassed and feel you are a burden to
others.
Due to her new role in the shop, Rebecca is now being paid to work there. Rebecca
and Daniel have extra income because of this.
Rebecca and Daniel have now joined the local bowls club.
(e) Evaluate the benefits of having a hobby and staying active for individuals in later
adulthood. Refer to appropriate theories in your answer.
(10)
Physical: improved fitness/weight control.
Intellectual: developing strategies for the game.
Emotional: high/low self-esteem depending on level of
success.
10
Social: develop broader social circle.
Indicative content in answers may also focus on the
benefits of volunteering or working part time.
For access to the higher end of the mark bands learners
should reference relevant theorists, e.g. activity theory -
takes the view that the ageing process is delayed and the
quality of life is enhanced when old people remain socially
active, but overlooks inequalities in health and economics
that hinder the ability for older people to engage in such
activities.
The disengagement theory of ageing states that “ageing
is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement,
resulting in decreased interaction between the aging
person and others in the social system he belongs to”.
The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for
older adults to withdraw from society
Valentina, aged 48, has started working in a local residential children’s home.
Valentina is tired most days after work, she thinks this is because she is going through
the menopause.
3 (a) Explain two physical changes during the menopause that may impact Valentina.
(4)
Fluctuation in hormone levels (1) mood swings (1).
The ovaries stop producing an egg each month (1) this will
mean that fertility decreases/less likely to become pregnant
(1).
The reduction in oestrogen causes physical symptoms (1)
e.g. hot flushes/night sweats (1).
Vaginal dryness (1) leads to decreased libido (1).
Accept any appropriate alternatives.
Do not accept tiredness.
Many of the children Valentina works with were raised in emotionally and physically
violent families.
Some of the children find it difficult to form happy relationships, or trust people.
Some children are verbally or physically aggressive to others.
(b) Discuss the importance of effective bonding and attachment for social and
emotional wellbeing in adulthood.
(6)
Award one mark for each relevant linked point to a
maximum of six marks.
Award no more than 2 marks for definitions
Expansion should refer to future
relationships/adulthood.
Attachment/bonding is the term used to describe the
relationship between a baby and its main carer (1).
The attachment/bonding may be insecure/secure (1)
Adults who had a healthy bonding/attachment to a
loving care giver:
Feel secure and loved (1) Can reach their potential (1)
Can develop relationships with others (1) Will
participate less in risk-taking behaviour (accept specific
examples, e.g. crime) (1). Better able to cope with
stress and anxiety (1) Become more self-reliant (1).
Accept any appropriate alternatives.
(c) Evaluate how social learning theory may explain the aggressive behaviour of the
children Valentina works with.
(10)
According to Skinner, behaviour is reinforced, e.g. throwing
tantrums results in attention and bribes.
Bandura’s social learning theory argues that aggressive
behaviour can be learned via:
Direct experience
Indirect experience (vicarious) through which the individual
learns vicariously. Others model behaviour and the
individual imitates behaviour.
Having aggressive role models does not always lead to
aggressive imitation, e.g. exposure to violent acts on
television might reduce aggression through catharsis (e.g.
you feel better by watching it and less violent, e.g. boxing)
Some learners may reference the bobo doll experiment.
Bandura was specifically interested in the issue of how
aggression might be learned through the observation of others
(e.g. socialisation)
Once learned, aggressive behaviour is more likely to generalise
to different situations and across time, e.g. once individuals
had learned to be violent they would be likely to be violent in
other situations.
Different people respond differently when exposed to
aggressive behaviour (e.g. men versus women).
There is no satisfactory single answer.
Theories have been proposed at all levels of analysis: from
biology to individual personality and from specific situations
to broader cultural norms and values that might increase/
decrease aggression.
Aggression is likely to be the outcome of multiple factors.
Biological process related to the experience of emotion.
Individual differences in the interpretation of
information/situations.
Situational cues that exacerbate hostility or trigger an
aggressive response.
Norms and values about what is and is not appropriate.
Valentina’s mother, Rebecca, has been diagnosed with breast cancer. Although
Valentina does not smoke cigarettes, she is very worried that she may be more likely
to get breast cancer.
(d) To what extent do environmental factors influence individual health and
wellbeing?
(10)
.
Environmental factors may include pollution, crime,
housing, education, waste management, access to services,
urban/rural, leisure facilities etc.
Genetic factors/nature/genotype
Relevant theories, e.g. Gessell
Environmental factors/nurture/phenotype
Relevant theories, e.g. Bandura
Stress-diathesis model
