Jan. 29th (Exam 1) Flashcards
Once the immediate innate immune response fails, what happens?
I.E the pathogen is able to outrun the immediate defenses of innate immunity by expanding its population faster than the defenses can kill them.
The defenses of the induced innate immune response are elicited.
Generally what are the characteristics of the induced innate immune response regarding the energy it uses, the time it takes, the mechanisms that it utilizes, and the damage it causes?
- Takes four days or so
- Require more energy than the immediate innate immune response, but less than the adaptive immune response.
- Soluble and cell receptors recognize infecting organisms and recruit WBCs to do something about it.
- Causes inflammation as cells leave the blood vessels to the site of infection.
- Causes more damage than the immediate immune response, but less than the adaptive immune response.
How does the immune system distinguish the self (healthy human cells) from the non-self (pathogenic macromolecules) from the altered self (infected human cells)?
Receptors that are present on immune cells like macrophages and NK cells.
How many different innate immune receptors are there?
There are 100.
What makes each single innate immune cell unique?
They will have different combinations of receptors.
Describe the specificity of innate immune receptors.
Give an example of recognition works.
They can recognize multiple pathogenic species.
An example could be a receptor that recognizes a particular type of cell-surface carbohydrate.
What is special about NK cell receptors?
They are able to distinguish between cells that are infected by viruses by recognizing the changes at the surface of human cells.
i.e the self vs. altered self.
What are the two chief functions of macrophages?
- Phagocytize stuff
- Produce inflammatory cytokines
What kind of things does the production of inflammatory cytokines do?
- Recruiting neutrophils.
- Inducing the acute-phase response.
- Activating and recruiting NK cells
What proteins are produced during the acute-phase response?
What are these proteins responsible for?
- Mannose binding lectin
- C-reactive protein
Mannose binding lectin is responsible for the lectin complement pathway.
C-reactive protein is responsible for the classical complement pathway.
Where do primary lysosomes originate from?
They originate from the golgi apparatus.
What are pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)?
These are receptors that recognize a structural feature that is common to many types of pathogens.
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
PAMPs are any microbial structural feature that is recognized by PRRs.
What are damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?
DAMPs are the damage to cells that is recognized by PRRs.
What are the phagocytic SRs?
How many different classes are there?
How are the families distinguished?
These are PRRs that recognize negatively charged microbial ligands.
There are 12 classes (A-L)
They are separated by structure.
Describe the SR-A family recognition.
SR-A family can recognize components of gram-positive and gram negative bacteria and the CpG rich islands of bacterial DNA.
What is the MARCO SR?
What does this stand for?
SR-A6
MAcrophage Receptor with COllagenous structure
What does SR-B recognize?
lipopeptides.
What are lectins?
What SR family includes lectins?
Lectins are cell surface receptors or plasma proteins that recognize carbs.
SR-E family.
What makes the C-type Lectins special?
What are two types?
They utilize a calcium ion to coordinate the interaction between the ligand and receptor.
- Mannose receptor
- Dectin-1
What is the ligand binding domain of the C-type lectins?
How many CTLDs does mannose receptor have?
Dectin-1 receptor?
This is called CTLD
AKA the C-Type Lectin Domain.
Mannose receptor has 8 CTLDs
Dectin-1 receptor has 1
From chapter two:
What does the complement receptor CR-1 bind?
This binds C3b
From chapter two:
What do the complement receptors CR3 and CR4 bind?
What do they do?
- Fragment iC3b present on pathogen surfaces
- Other microbial ligands like LPS
They aid in phagocytosis.
In what family are CR3 and CR4?
What do proteins in this family do?
They are in the family of integrins.
They contribute to the adhesive interactions between cells - allow for communication.
What are the TLRs?
Toll-like receptors.
These are signalling receptors that are involved in the recruitment of other immune cells.
How many genes are responsible for the 10 TLRs?
What are the general pathogens that the TLRs as a whole can recoginze?
10 genes.
They can recognize all four types of pathogens.
Generally, what are the two parts of a TLR?
- Variable extracellular domain called the Leucine Rich Region (LRR)
- Conserved cytoplasmic signalling domain - used for conveying information to the inside of the cell called the Toll Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR)
