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Jan 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Lisa Feldman Barrett’s theory

A

theory of constructed emotion (TCE aka PCT)

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2
Q

theory of constructed emotion BACKGROUND

A

takes an entirely different approach to understanding emotion

proposed as an ALTERNATIVE to a basic emotion approach

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3
Q

Lisa Feldman Barrett - argues what about basic emotion approaches?

A

argues that they’re TOO SIMPLISTIC and don’t account for the COMPLEXITY of HUMAN EMOTIONS

as human emotions are shaped by individual experiences, culture and context

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4
Q

Lisa Feldman Barrett’s theory of constructed emotion posits that emotions are _______ through interactions between…

A

CONSTRUCTED

brain, body and environment

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5
Q

Lisa Feldman Barrett critiques what about basic emotion theories?

A

critiques them for not adequately taking into account the ROLE OF COGNITION and CULTURE in creating emotions

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6
Q

theory of constructed emotions: do they argue that emotions are innate?

A

NO

they argue they’re CONSTRUCTED FROM SENSORY INFO and COGNITIVE PROCESSES

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7
Q

what assumptions does TCE/PCT challenge?

A

challenges assumptions that emotions are based on SPECIFIC, FIXED NEURAL STATES

^ that are triggered by certain stimuli

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8
Q

TCE/PCT argues that emotions aren’t specific to…

A
  1. aren’t specific to particular BRAIN REGIONS of PATTERNS OF BRAIN ACTIVITY

(ie. emotions don’t have a specific ‘neural essence’)

  1. each instance of emotion is UNIQUELY CONSTRUCTED (within and between people)
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9
Q

unlike BET, TCE proposes that emotions aren’t hardwired in the brain, but rather are…

A

CONSTRUCTED

based on PAST EXPERIENCES and CURRENT CONTEXT

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10
Q

TCE: views on neural essence and universality

A
  1. emotions don’t have a specific neural essence
  2. emotions aren’t universal

INSTEAD, EMOTIONS ARE CONSTRUCTED AND HIGHLY INDIVIDUALIZED

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11
Q

does TCE believe in central emotion states?

A

no, challenges their existence

refers to them as “black-box functionalism”

challenges existence of emotion categories with coherent responses

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12
Q

where does TCE fundamentally start?

A

start with biology/the brain

“the brain is a network of neurons”

neurons send and receive many inputs

one:many and many:one mapping

this makes neurons ‘multipurpose’

also means a group of neurons can create an ENORMOUS number of DIFF PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY

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13
Q

TCE: what makes neurons ‘multipurpose’?

A

fact that neurons send and receive many inputs

one:many and many:one mapping

this means that concept of dedication “fear” or “happiness” neurons doesn’t make sense

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14
Q

why does TCE not believe in dedicated “fear” or “happiness” neurons?

A

because of many:one and one:many mapping of neurons

makes them multipurpose because a group of neurons can create an enormous number of diff activity patterns

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15
Q

TCE: how does the brain achieve complexity?

A

degeneracy

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16
Q

degeneracy

A

capacity for DISSIMILAR REPRESENTATIONS

to give rise to INSTANCES OF THE SAME CATEGORY

in the SAME CONTEXT

ie. the activity of distinct groups of neurons can create the same emotion (anger)

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17
Q

degeneracy contrasts with what view?

A

hardwired functions

(because suggests that the activity of distinct groups of neurons can create the same emotion)

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18
Q

degeneracy makes systems robust to what?

A

failure

makes them robust to failure/damage

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19
Q

why would biological systems favour degeneracy?

A

because it makes them robust to damage

ie. if there’s redundancy, there’s a backup if one system fails because another can take over

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20
Q

quote about degeneracy

A

“degeneracy means instances of emotion are created by MULTIPLE SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS in varying populations of neurons”

“therefore, it is UNLIKELY THAT ALL INSTANCES OF AN EMOTION CATEGORY SHARE A SET OF CORE FEATURES (ie. a single facial expression, autonomic patterns, or set of neurons)”

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21
Q

PCT: “emotions are biological categories”

A

biological categories such as species are

^ they are CONCEPTUAL and don’t exist in a real sense

a biological category can be conceptualized as a grouping of highly variable instances

the “average” doesn’t actually exist in nature

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22
Q

a biological category can be conceptualized as a grouping of…

A

highly variable instances

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23
Q

PCT: emotions are biological categories - example of fear

A

what we think of as FEAR is a CATEGORY that GROUPS a COLLECTION of UNIQUE INSTANCES

we experience emotions as coherent, consistent categories because the brain constructs these unique instances effortlessly

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24
Q

PCT: why do we experience emotions as coherent and consistent categories?

A

because the brain constructs these unique instances and effortlessly slots them into categories

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25
primary function of brain
to COORDINATE and REGULATE the body in the most energy efficient way possible so that the animal can SURVIVE and REPRODUCE
26
how does the brain coordinate and regulate the body in the most energy efficient way possible?
by ANTICIPATING METABOLIC NEEDS not simply by reacting to needs
27
"core task of the brain"
allostasis
28
allostasis
the MAINTENANCE of functional physiological systems THROUGH CHANGE this is a PROCESS whereby the brain regulates the body according to costs and benefits
29
allostasis: the body anticipates & adjusts...
its energy use according to the environmental demands
30
the body budget
body anticipates and adjusts its energy use according to environmental demands
31
systems involved in allostasis
autonomic nervous system, immune system, endocrine system ^ all regulated by the brain
32
multipurpose brain regions
brain regions that implement allostasis OVERLAP with circuits presumed to control EMOTION these regions perform both emotional work and allostasis
33
homeostasis versus allostasis
HOMEOSTASIS: ability to MAINTAIN STABLE CONDITIONS through a constant set point ALLOSTASIS: achieves STABILITY THROUGH CHANGE to adapt to challenge
34
homeostasis _______, while allostasis ________
corrects predicts
35
allostasis performance: brain only has access to...
SENSORY DATA from the internal and external world must use this data to determine how best to respond
36
allostasis performance: how does the brain assess sensory data?
through running an INTERNAL MODEL (simulation) of that body in the world internal model represents both internal and external environments
37
interoception
representing and using info about the INTERNAL environment
38
what is interoception central to?
central to the brain's INTERNAL MODEL results from allostasis process of constant adaptations and adjustments to the environments calls for attention to interoception
39
do neurons wait for stimulation in order to process sensory info?
no, they're CONSTANTLY PROCESSING and SHAPING incoming sensory info this ongoing neural activity is the brain MODELING THE WORLD from the perspective of the body's physiological needs
40
what does the brain do with incomplete incoming sensory info?
uses it to PROBABILISTICALLY PREDICT the current state of the internal and external world and to determine the ACTIONS REQUIRED to continue meeting physiological needs
41
brain works to assign ______ to ______ experience and to do this, what does it use?
MEANING to SENSORY EXPERIENCE to do this, the brain uses PAST EXPERIENCE to create simulations (predictions) of incoming sensory events
42
internal model in relation to the image of the bee on the flower
how you perceive the image is influence by having seen the full image
43
prediction signals
these are the brain CHANGING NEURAL FIRING to plan visceromotor actions to regulate the body (allostasis) and then receive incoming interoceptive (sensory) signals that are the consequences of these actions sensory signals can confirm these signals, or change them if there's something unexpected
44
internal mode: what happens when there's an error in the prediction?
this changes the future prediction (learning occurs) GOAL is to predict better & more efficiently next time
45
predictions
brain simulations to continuously anticipate the changing environment
46
prediction in relation to how the brain constructs experience
predictive processing is fundamental to how the brain operates it underlies all perceptual and cognitive processing (and emotion) brain CONSTRUCTS experience through PREDICTIVE MODELS' INTERPRETATION of INTEROCEPTIVE SIGNALS for a given event, perception follows action (action is general here: ie. actions taken to achieve allostasis)
47
PCT: affect arises from...
interoception interoceptive sensation leads to the experience of affect ie. valence, arousal
48
the fact that affect arises from interoception suggests that affect isn't specific to...
affect is NOT SPECIFIC to emotion but is a basic feature of consciousness because interoception happens all the time and regulates all sorts of actions (alongside emotion)
49
PCT: is interoception the origin of feeling?
YES it's the origin of feeling, but it IS NOT THE SAME as feeling and these sensations DON'T HAVE DISCRETE QUALIA
50
PCT: how does emotional information emerge?
from the relationships between: 1. incoming SENSORY signals and 2. PREDICTION signals constructed in the brain
51
PCT: what two things merge to create emotional information?
1. sensory signals (interoception) 2. predictive signals (allostasis)
52
PCT: what gives rise to affective properties?
brain generates low dimensional SUMMARIES of your budgetary state and these give rise to AFFECTIVE PROPERTIES (ie. valence)
53
PCT: affect can be thought of as the brain's...
best guess about the current 'budgetary state' of the body
54
PCT: emotion is the brain giving meaning to...
sensory signals (brain implements the internal model as concepts to categorize sensations)
55
concept
a population of predictions ie. the group of patterns of neural activity
56
PCT: incoming sensory info helps to select from...
from the internal model's predictions to find the BEST FIT as a result, incoming sensory events = categorized as similar to some set of past experiences
57
brain uses emotion concepts to categorize sensations in order to construct...
an INSTANCE OF EMOTION goal: to GUIDE ACTION to fit the situation result: PERCEPTION of an emotion so emotion is a side-product of this process of creating actions to respond to situations
58
PCT: neuroanatomical basis of internal model - 5 emotion states
maps of BRAIN REGIONS activated by 5 EMOTION STATES converge on similar functional brain networks ^ default mode networks and salience networks
59
default mode/salience networks
maps of brain regions activated by 5 emotion states CONVERGE ON SIMILAR FUNCTIONAL BRAIN NETWORKS
60
what neuroanatomy underlies the brain's internal model?
the default mode networks/salience networks
61
internal model: what initiates the simulations?
the default mode network it contains low dimensional summary that INITIATES SEQUENCE OF PREDICTIONS throughout distributed cortical areas the RESULTING NEURAL ACTIVITY is the concept (group of predictions)
62
default mode network: how does it generate concepts?
contains a low dimensional summary that initiates sequence of predictions the resulting neural activity is a concept (group of predictions)
63
salience network: what does it do?
TUNES the internal model by PREDICTING which sensory info to pay attention to ie. altering the gain on neurons that compute prediction error
64
how does the salience network function to adjust the internal model to changing conditions?
the model tunes to changing conditions by PREDICTING which sensory info to pay attention to
65
emotion is constructed using the same fundamental...
CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM that is used for ALL COGNITION and PERCEPTION
66
allostasis in a nutshell
predictively regulating the internal milieu
67
interoception
representing the internal milieu
68
what are 2 core NS functions?
interoception and allostasis and these result in the experience of affect (as a side product)
69
concepts are collections of...
whole brain representations that predict: 1. upcoming sensory events 2. the best actions to deal with these impending events 3. how these events will impact allostasis
70
brain compares concepts with what?
with incoming sensory information to identify the most probable causal explanations for sensory inputs
71
emotion is a brain state that arises in...
making sense of the sensory info
72
does PCT think emotions are an illusion?
no they're real, they just don't have distinct neural 'essences' (ie. they aren't hardwired)
73
does PCT think there are emotion-specific neurons?
no but does suggest neurons have some specificity
74
PCT: understanding neural bases of emotion will require focusing on individual or ensembles of neurons?
ensembles neurons at the population level, not individual level
75
PCT: what is meant by "not everything is cortical"
instances of emotion engage subcortical pattern generators to elicit relevant actions
76
PCT: do animals have emotions?
yes but we can't know this because emotion depends on the perceiver (because they're constructing it)
77
implication of PCT: every instance of emotion is unique and although 'patterns' of neural activity associated with neural activity associated with emotions can be detected...
this is NOT A BRAIN STATE of an emotion it's just a STATISTICAL SUMMARY of a set of highly variable set of instances
78
implication of PCT: behaviours are not specific to emotions
suggests that circuit mapping studies that link emotion to specific circuits are JUST REVEALING MECHANISMS of behavioural control
79
implication of PCT: "you are not at the mercy of your emotions"
emotional experience can be CHANGED THROUGH EXPERIENCE because we construct our emotional experience, we can therefore also change it
80
PCT takehome message
emotions are CONSTRUCTIONS of the world, not reactions to it

Psyc 443 (8 decks)

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