Jan 1793- Terror

Question 1

what happened in the war in January 1793

Answer 1

1. Monaco and nIce annexed to France

2. Portugal entered anti-French coalition

Question 2

what happened in the war in Feb 1793

Answer 2

1. France declared war on Britain and the united provinces

Question 3

what happened in the war in March 1793

Answer 3

1. France fought in ‘war of the 1st coalition’
2. France declared war on Spain
3. France driven out of Austrian Netherlands and defeated at Neerwinden and Lorraine
4. Dumoriez attempted to march to Paris to restore 1791 constitution and make infant Louis King- he didn’t get backing from his army so fled to Austria on April 6th

Question 4

what happened in the war in June 1793

Answer 4

1. British began blockading ports

Question 5

what happened in the war in July 1793

Answer 5

1. France withdraw from Mainz after its seized- “republic of Mainz” collapses
2. Anglo-Austrians capture Valenciennes

Question 6

why was there an uprising in the Vendee

Answer 6

1. Very catholic and a lot of priests
2. The sale of church land had brought in Bourgeoise- raised rent despite it being a time of inflation and poor harvests (Peasants worse off than under the Ancien regime)
3. Began as a protest against March levee for 300,000 men

Question 7

uprising in the Vendee (events)

Answer 7

• 14th March: catholic and royal army seized Cholet, massacring local officials
• May: the convention sent 30,000 men from the front to the Vendee
• by June: rebels had seized bridges over the Loire, Angers and Sammur and were advancing towards Le-Mans and Paris
• 6th Sep: army (supporting the government and revolution) of 100,000 arrived at Nantes, gained upper hand in October and defeated Vendeens in December

Question 8

divisions between Girondins and Montagnards beginning in Feb 1793- April

Answer 8

1. 1st March: deputies who voted to appeal to the people on the Kings execution were excluded from the convention
2. petitions concerning economic worries were unanswered by the convention- 22-24 feb grocery stores/ warehouses were attacked. Girondins blamed Marat, Montagnards blamed Roux
3. 12th April: Girondins called for Marat’s arrest- he was acquitted by the revolutionary tribunal 12 days later

Question 9

divisions between Girondins and Montagnards beginning in May 1793

Answer 9

1. 3rd May- 8,000 sans culottes demanded price controls- opposed by Girondins but Robespierre implemented them on wheat and flour
2. 31st May+June 2nd: 80,000-100,000 sans Culottes and and National Guard demanded the expulsion of Girondins. All deputies had to give support of this before they could leave. 29 were expelled and placed under house arrest

Question 10

Federalist revolt

Answer 10

1. 29th May Jacobin leaders in Lyon were forced out of office- similar theme occurred later in Avignon, Bordeaux, Marseille and Toulon
2. 60/83 departments protested. 8 of these resulted in serious conflict
3. In Toulon the revolt merged with Royalists. They proclaimed Louis the 17th as King

Question 11

Response to the federalist revolt

Answer 11

1. Units of Parisian revolutionary army were brought under the committee of public safety
2. suspected traitors were imprisoned by Sans Culottes but less than 200 were condemned by special courts
3. 27th November: ‘tribunal of 7’ established- within day is it handed out 300 capital sentences

Question 12

Consequences of Federalist revolt for Lyon

Answer 12

• Lyon was destroyed. Its name disappeared apart from a monument saying ‘Lyon is no more as it made a war on liberty’
• 1,880 died in Lyon

Question 13

Consequences of Federalist revolt for Toulon

Answer 13

• 1082 killed and only 289/975 trialled were killed as they did not accept royalist aid

Question 14

Consequences of Federalist revolt for the Vendee

Answer 14

1. 250,000 died

Question 15

The Jacobin constitution

Answer 15

• 24th of June 1793
• ‘executive Council’ subservient to the assembly to replace the king and his ministers
• endorsed by a plebiscite of nearly 2 million to 11,000 votes, but was never put into practice
• all adult males could vote
• every man had the right to express himself through direct political action
• everyone was entitled to public assistance- state provided work/ means of sustenance

Question 16

Committee of general security

Answer 16

• established October 1792
• responsible for policing and administration of justice
• reported to the National convention
• in 1793 it was reduced from 30 deputies to 12

Question 17

Levee en masse

Answer 17

• February 1793 (enacted in August)
• draft 300,000 men-preferably voluntarily, but by ballot if necessary
• children to shred them in for lint, women to make tents and work in hospitals
• the old to preach hatred of kings and excite courage in squares

Question 18

Representatives-on-mission

Answer 18

• established March 1793
• Jacobins who insured loyalty and order throughout France
• they arrested any suspects, ensured food supplies and from April ensured morale of troops and generals
• reported daily to the CPS and weekly to the National convention

Question 19

The Revolutionary Tribunal

Answer 19

• established 10th of March 1793
• five judges, a public prosecutor with two assistants and jurymen from Paris who tried to counterrevolutionaries
• it’s aim was to ‘embody terror’

Question 20

Summary execution decree

Answer 20

• 19 March 1793

- rebels captured with arms could be executed without appeal within 24 hours

Question 21

committees de surveillance

Answer 21

• March 1793
• Watch committee that existed in every town/commune
• handed over suspects to the Revolutionary Tribunal to be put to death if guilty
• members could not be nobles or churchmen

Question 22

Committee of Public Safety

Answer 22

• April 6th 1793
• responsible for conduct of war, control of army, supplies and diplomacy
• Nine men proposed to be elected monthly by the convention (didn’t happen and dominant members emerged)
• Authority over the CGS
• on May 4 it fixed a maximum grain price and later a compulsory loan on the wealthy

Question 23

external war and the measures brought in to counter the struggle for supplies

Answer 23

1. commission of technicians and scientists supported by the development of the Telegraph to carry dispatches from war
2. A company of balloonists to observe the enemy from the air
3. Manufacturing developed to increase gunpowder and steel production
4. Manuals issued to workshops and factories and a manufacturing training centre for 800 students established in Paris
5. andré jeanbon saint-andré responsible for the reorganisation of naval defences- food and animals relocated and training stepped up

Question 24

External war and the measures brought in to ensure victory

Answer 24

1. 1794 France had 1 million men in arms and 14 well-trained and supplied armies
2. Failure to win became a political crime
3. Noble generals were replaced by younger non-nobles-17 generals including general Custine were executed
4. Jean Baptiste Jordan took army of the North, Louis Houche took army of Moselle and Jean Charles Picheru commanded th e upper Rhine
5. distinction between regulars and volunteers disappeared-white uniform replaced blue

Question 25

External war in August 1793

Answer 25

1. Austro- Prussians besieged Landau on the French Rhine
2. the enemy launched a siege on Dunkirk
3. Britain entered Toulon
4. French retake Marseille from rebels and begin siege of Lyon from rebels

Question 26

External war in September 1793

Answer 26

1. siege of Dunkirk lifted
2. French win battle of Hondshoote
3. French lose to Spain at battle of trouillas

Question 27

increasing power of Sans-Culottes in September 1793

Answer 27

• Montagnards had been reliant on Sans-Culottes support to expel the Girondins and so now were forced to answer to their demands
• 5th September: Sans-Culottes marched on the convention demanding lower bread prices, higher wages and an attack on those oppressing others- convention promised to attack grain hoarders and counter-revolutionaries + recruited 2 activists favoured by Sans Culottes to the CPS

Question 28

who were the 2 activists favoured by Sans Culottes recruited to the CPS?

Answer 28

Billaud-Varenne

D’Herbois

Question 29

armees revolutionnaires

Answer 29

formed 9th September- sans culottes force that forced farmers to surrender grain and attacked hoarders
-members were paid and put under military command

Question 30

Law of suspects

Answer 30

• 17th September
• newly defined ‘suspects’ as someone who could be arrested for their conduct, relationship, words or writing eg relative of emigres/ nobles could be suspects
• watch committees were now required to draw up lists of suspects, use arrest warrants and give these to the CPS

Question 31

law of the General maximum

Answer 31

• 29th September, replaced a similar law made in May
• imposed a maximum price for meat, oil, flour, soap, firewood, leather and paper (same as price in 1790 + 1/3)
• imposed wage regulations which prevented individuals form conducting their business as they pleased to maximise profits
• gave greater grounds for being classified as a traitor

Question 32

death of Marat

Answer 32

13th July 1793
Charlotte Corday- Girondin who blamed Marat for the September massacres
Sans Culottes demanded all suspects be arrested and tried, undermining power of the CPS and convention