Jadhav Lectures Flashcards
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist: Mydriasis(retina examination), treats organophosphate poisoning
Atropine
Glaucoma Treatment: acts mostly on B2, decrease in aqueous humour (reducing secretion and blood flow)
timolol, levobunolol
Glaucoma Treatment: HF produced, enzyme can’t be dephosphorylated, decreases cilliary muscle contraction;
isoflurophate
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : Mixed Acting:
Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine
Parasympathomimetic: Amino group, and additional Methyl group.
Bethanechol
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: Beta Blockers (only B)
Metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol, Betaxolol, Propanolol, Timolol, Pindolol
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Irreversibles
isofluorophate, soman, praloidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6 (asoximechloride)
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : treats Parkinsons disease
Pargyline, Entacapone
Neuro-Sympathetic Agonists: a1,a2,B1, Vasoconstriction + Veinoconstriction (reflex bradycardia decrease HR)
Norepinephrine
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: B1,B2; treats hypertension , angina, cardiac arrythmias, migraine, Pheochromocytoma, AMI, NO in Asthma!
Propanolol
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist: M1 blocker, treats pepic ulcers* , ibs, reduced GI acid secretion, reduced urinary contraction
Pirenzepine
Glaucoma Treatment: Beta Blockers (non-selective)
timolol, levobunolol
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: a1,B1, B2 ; antioxidant; treats hypertension;
Carvedilol
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : B1,B2; most potent sympathomimetic amine, increase HR, decrease TPR
Isoproterenol
Neuro-Sympathetic Agonists: a1 selective ; vasoconstriction + Veinoconstriction
phenylephrine
Glaucoma Treatment: treats myasthenia Gravis, increase cilliary muscle contraction & outflow
physostigmine, echothiophate
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : a1,a2 ; nasal decongestion; ocular drops for hyperemia
Oxymetazoline
Glaucoma Treatment: Cholinesterase Inhibitors
isoflurophate, physostigmine, echothiophate
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : nucleophilic , treats organophosphate poisoning & reactivates the enzyme before aging
praloidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6 (Asoximechloride)
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: used to reduce BP
a-B blockers
Diuretics: K+ sparing Diuretics:
Cortical Collecting Tubule: Spironolactone, Triamterene, Amiloride
VMAT inhibitor
Reserpine
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: a2 blocker
yohimbine
Diuretics: Thiazide Diuretics
Distal Convoluted Tubule: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), Chlorthalidone, Indapamide
Parasympathomimetic: addition of Methyl group; diagnoses Asthma
Methacholine
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: Reduce HR and CO
Beta Blockers
Diuretics: CA inhibiting, inhibits NHE3, Excretion of alkaline urine Treatment for acute mountain sickness ; Edema with severe metabolic alkalosis
Acetazolamide, Methazolamide
Diuretics: Loop Diuretics
Thick Ascending Loop of Henle: Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide, Ethacrynic Acid
Parasympathomimetic: amino group instead of terminal methyl group; side effects in CNS/Ganglia problems
Carbachol
Neuromuscular Blockers: Toxicity can be treated with AchE inhibitors; causes Ganglionic Blockade, Vagal Response Block, Histamine release
d-tubocurarine
Diuretics: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Acetazolamide, Methazolamide
Parasympathomimetic: acts on M3 receptor; longer duration of action with less side effects than Pilocarpine
Cevimeline
Glaucoma Treatment: Muscarinic Agonists
Pilocarpine
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System :B1, treats cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, nausia, NO to patients with atrial fibrillation
Dobutamine
Diuretics: can cause dehydration
mannitol
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist: Subcategory used for Hypertensive crisis/ surgury
Ganglionic Blocker SNP
Cholinesterases: located in ganglia
Acetycholinesterase
Parasympathomimetic: Treats Glaucoma
Pilocarpine
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : a1,a2,B1; Hypotension and shock treatment (systolic and diastolic BP increase) can cause blanching and sloughing of skin around injection
Norepinephrine
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Oximes
praloidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6 (Asoximechloride)
Diuretics: V2 antagonist, competitive, Treats SIADH, Congestive Heart Failure; can cause demyelination if hyponatremia is corrected too quickly (sever hypernatremia)
Conivaptan*, Lixivaptan, Tolvaptan
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: a1, a2 blocker; treat hypertensive episodes caused by *Pheochromocytoma; hypertension
Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine
Diuretics: aldosterone antagonist, Competitive, combo with hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide, treats K+ wasting in patients (hyperkalemia), Acidosis, used in hypertension, can cause gynecomastia and menstrual irregularities
Spironolactone
Parasympathomimetic: less resistant to Hydrolysis by AChE
Muscarine, Nicotine
Diuretics: causes metabolic acidosis; hypokalemia; Hypersensitivity Reaction (allergy), increased excretion of NAHCO3 & K+; retention of H+
Acetazolamide, Methazolamide
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist: epoxide (penetrates BBB) , motion sickness (transdermal patch)
Scopalamine
Diuretics: blocks Na+/K+/2Cl cotransporter system (icnreases excretion of Na, K, H, Ca) ; Treats Pulmonary Edema: Combo with Spironolactone; can cause ototoxicity
Furosemide(lasix)
Parasympathomimetic: Increase GI motility, Urinary retention, treats Xerostomia/Sjogren’s syndrom (less sweating
Bethanechol
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : a1,a2,B1,B2; vasoconstriction, prolongs local anesthetic action, can cause Cardiac Arrhythmias (digitalis patients)
Epinephrine
Glaucoma Treatment: PGF2a Analogues
Latanoprost, Travoprost
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : enzyme can’t be dephosphorylated (nerve gas)
soman
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor
Metyrosin
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : phosphorylates serine, makes HF; enzyme can’t be dephosphorylated, treats Glaucoma
isoflurophate
Neuromuscular Blockers: Toxicity can be treated with BcHE, causes malignant hyperthermia (NM+ anesthetic) ; can cause skeletal dmg
succinycholine
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : Non-selective Adrenergic Agonists:
Oxymetazoline, Isoproterenol, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
Diuretics: Combo with ACE-I or B-Blocker , increased excretion of Na, Cl, K, H; Ca2+ Reabsorption
Thiazide Diuretics
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : MAO/COMT inhibitors
Pargyline, Entacapone
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Non-covalently binds (10 mins) used for Diagnosis, rapid renal clearance
Edrophonium
Diuretics: blocks Na+/K+/2Cl cotransporter system (icnreases excretion of Na, K, H, Ca) ;
Furosemide, Bumetanide, Toresmide,Ethacrynic Acid
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: a1, Treat Urinary obstruction by Benign Prostatic Hyperplacia (BPH); Hypertension
Tamsulosin, Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : a2 , decrease sympathetic outflow , hypertension treatment; causes lethargy; sedation
clonidine
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: a1,B1,B2; Hypertension treatment
Labetalol
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: Alpha Blockers
Prazosin, Tamsulosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Yohimbine, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist:treats Asthma and COPD (Bronchodilation)
Ipratropium, Tiotropium
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: 3 groups
Alpha Blockers, Beta Blockers, a-B blockers
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : Releasing agents
Amphetamine, Tyramine
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : group that effects neurotransmitter storage, synthesis, release, and metabolism
Indirect acting Adrenergic Agonists
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : NE uptake blocker, local anesthesia
Cocaine
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists:
Atropine, Scopalamine, Pirenzepine, Glycopyrolate, Ipratropium, Tiotropium, Trihexyphenidyl, Benztropine, Biperiden, Ganglionic Blockers
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: a-B blockers
Carvedilol, Lebetalol
Glaucoma Treatment: 1st line treatment,
Pilocarpine
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : B2, premature labor - vasodilation of uterus
Ritodrine
Neuro-Sympathetic Agonists: D1,D2; targets kidneys too
Dopamine
Diuretics: blocks Na+/K+/2Cl cotransporter system (icnreases excretion of Na, K, H, Ca) ; Phenoxyacetic Acid derivative; can cause ototoxicity
Ethacrynic Acid
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : D1,B1,a1; increase kidney blood flow (D1) increase excretion, can cause nausea, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias
Dopamine
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: B2, no clinical use
Betaxolol
Diuretics: Na+/Cl- Cotransporter inhibition, causes hypokalemia, Alkalosis, Hyperuricemia*, hyperlipidema, impaired glucose tolerance, *first line Treatment for hypertension
Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, indapamide
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Organophosphates
isoflurophate, soman (nerve gas)
Parasympathomimetic: decrease intraocular pressure, Treats Xerostomia/Sjogren’s syndrome ; dry mouth side effect
Pilocarpine
Diuretics: Osmotic Diuretics
Thin Descending Loop of Henle: Mannitol
Glaucoma Treatment: Carbonic Anyhydrase Inhibitors
dorzolamide, brinzolamide
Diuretics: Exchange inhibitor, Na Channel inhibitors (exchange with K+ and H+) used to treat K+ wasting in patients (hyperkalemia) , Acidosis, hypertension
Triamterene, Amiloride
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist: Preanesthetic agent
Glycopyrolate
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : a1, NE releasing , nasal decongestion
Ephedrine, pseudoephdrine
Cholinesterases: located in plasma and liver, metabolizes anesthetics & succinylcholine
Butyrylcholinesterase
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Non-covalently binds can cross the BBB, higher affinities and partition into lipids, longer duration of action, Treats Alzheimer’s disease
Tacrine, Donepezil
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Covalently bound (hours to break) reversible, carbamoylated enzymes, treats Myasthenia Gravis
neostigmine
Neuromuscular Blockers: depolarizing agent , N1 stimulation, blocks chest and abdominal muscle with transient apnea (short duration)
succinylcholine
Glaucoma Treatment: a2-agonists
alpraclonidine, brimonidine
Glaucoma Treatment: inhibits carbonic anyhydrase III forming the cilliary body epithelium, *reduce bicarbonate ions, reduce fluid transport and intraocular pressure* ; few Adverse effects
dorzolamide, Brinzolamide
Diuretics Classes 6
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Osmotic Diuretics, Loop Diuretics, Distal convoluted tubule, Thiazide Diuretics, Aldosterone Antagonists, Antidiuretic Hormone Antagonists
Neuro-Sympathetic Agonists: a1,a2,B1,B2; Increase HR; decrease TPR (slightly)
epinephrine
Cholinesterases:
Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterse
Glaucoma Treatment: NEVER USE
Atropine
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Carbamate Inhibitors
neostigmine, physostigmine, Pyridostigmine
Neuro-Sympathetic Agonists: a1 selective; Vasoconstriction
Methoxamine
Neuro-Sympathetic Agonists: most potent sympathomimetic amine (increase HR; decrease BP; Decrease TPR
isoprotenerol
NET inhibitor
Cocaine, Tricyclic antidepressant
Parasympathomimetic Drugs/Muscarinic receptor agonists
Acetylcholine, Bethanechol, Carbachol, Methacholine, Muscarine, Nicotine, Pilocarpine, Cevimeline
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: relax smooth muscle and Decrease TPR
Alpha blockers
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : NE release, treats Narcolepsy, ADD
Amphetamine
Diuretics: blocks Na+/K+/2Cl cotransporter system (icnreases excretion of Na, K, H, Ca) ; can cause ototoxicity
Furosemide, Ethacrynic Acid
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : a1 , nasal decongestion and ocular drop for mydriasis
Phenylephrine
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : Uptake Inhibitor
Cocaine
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Responsible for Poisoning; treated by Atropine + oximes; contraindicated with serine hydrolases (tryspin & chemotrypsin)
Organophosphates
Parasympathomimetic: Treats Xerostomia
Pilocarpine, Bethanechol (no dry mouth)
Diuretics: decrease natriuresis, treats cerebral edema- Decrease ICP; Acute Renal failure treatment - maintain high urine flow
Mannitol
Neuromuscular Blockers:
d-tubocurarine, succinylcholine
Glaucoma Treatment: fewer side effects than normal and have long duration
Latanoprost, Travoprost
Glaucoma Treatment: 6 categories
PGF2a Analogues, Beta Blockers , a2-agonists, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Muscarinic Agonists, Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Neuromuscular Blockers: competitive, blocks N-receptors, paralyzes small rapid acting muscles first, long duration
d-tubocurarine
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : B2, Long acting, for asthma
Albuterol, Salmeterol
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Reversibles
Edrophonium, Tacrine, Donepezil, neostigmine, physostigmine, pyridostigmine
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : prophylactic against nerve gas
Pyridostigmine
Neuro-Sympathetic Agonists:
Phenylephrine, Methoxamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Isoproterenol, Dopamine
Diuretics: Antidiuretic Hormone Antagonists:
Medullary Collecting Tubule: Conivaptan*, Lixivaptan, Tolvaptan
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : NE release
Tyramine, Amphetamine (ADD Narcolepsy)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors/Indirect acting parasympathomimetics : Covalently bound (hours to break) reversible, carbamoylated enzymes, treats Myasthenia Gravis, Glaucoma
physostigmine
Diuretics: Drugs used on Proximal convoluted Tubule
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: B1,B2 partial agonist (hypertension treatment)
Pindolol
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: B1,B2; treats hypertension , angina, cardiac arrythmias, migraine, Pheochromocytoma, AMI, initially for glaucoma
timolol
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist: Helps in Treatment of Parkinsons’ disease (along with Levodopa )
Trihexyphenidyl* , Benztropine*, Biperiden
Glaucoma Treatment:does not cross BBB, reduce aqueous humor (reduce NE release reduce cAMP); increase outflow
alpraclonidine, brimonidine
Anti-Adrenergic Drugs: B1, Hypertension, Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), angina
Metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol
Drugs Modulating Sympathetic System : Selective Adrenergic Agonists
Phenylephrine, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Terbutaline, Albuterol, Salmeterol, Ritodrine