IV-C: Eukaryotes Flashcards
feeding and growing stage
tropozoite
multiple fission
schizogomy
haploid sex cells
Gametes (gametocytes)
protective capsule, it permits the
organisms to survive when food, moisture, or
oxygen are lacking, when temperatures are not
suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present.
Cysts
Reproductive structure in which new cells are produced asexually
Oocyst
Two Chlorophyll containing groups
Dinoflagellates and euglenoids
protective covering of Protozoa
Pellicle
mouth-like opening
Cytostome
lack mitochondria and have flagella
Trichomonas and Giardia
single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove in the cytoskeleton
Archaezoa
parasite found in the small intestine of humans and other mammals
Giardia intestinalis or G. lamblia/ G. duodenalis
an alga that infects potato crops
Phytophthora infestans
well over 1 million people died
or were displaced because
of the devastating effects
of Phytophthora infestans,
an alga that infects potato
crops
Great Irish
Famine of the mid–
nineteenth century
kills 1 million people, mostly children, annually
Malaria
60 million are infected
Trypanosoma cruzi
belong to several super clades and can reproduce both
sexually and asexually. They are photoautotrophs and produce several different photosynthetic pigments.
Algae
Most are chemoheterotrophic, but a few are
photoautotrophic. They obtain
nutrients by absorption or
ingestion. All are unicellular, and
many are motile. Parasitic
protozoans often form resistant
cysts.
Protozoa
chemoheterotrophs and
acquire food by absorption. With
the exception of yeasts, fungi are
multicellular. Most reproduce with
sexual and asexual spores
Fungi
multicellular animals. They are
chemoheterotrophs. Most obtain
nutrients by ingestion through the
mouth; some are absorptive.
Helminths
are animals with jointed legs. The arthropods that
transmit diseases are important in
microbiology. These include ticks,
and some insects; most often,
members of the mosquito family
are responsible for transmitting
disease
Arthropods
Fungi, protozoa, and
arthropods cause diseases
in humans. Most of these
diseases are diagnosed by
microscopic examination.
Like bacteria, fungi are
cultured on laboratory
media. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Infections caused by
eukaryotes are difficult to
treat because humans
have eukaryotic cells. TRUE OR FALSE.
TRUE
Algal diseases of humans
are infectious; they are
intoxications because the
symptoms result from
ingesting algal toxins. TRUE OR FALSE.
FALSE
Arthropods that transmit
infectious diseases are
called a vector. Arthropod-borne diseases such as
West Nile encephalitis is
best controlled by limiting
exposure to arthropods. TRUE OR FALSE.
TRUE
aerobic or
facultatively anaerobic;
only a few anaerobic fungi
are known.
Fungi
Symbiotic fungi that help the roots absorb minerals and water from the soil
Mycorrhizae
Study of fungi
Mycology
cross walls which divide them into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units
septa
distinct, uninucleate cell-like units
septate hyphae
hyphae contain no septa
and appear as long,
continuous cell with many
nuclei
Coenocytic hyphae
grow by elongating at the tips
Hyphae
the portion of a hypha that
obtains nutrients.
Vegetative hypha
The portion
concerned with
reproduction, bear
reproductive spores
Reproductive or aerial hypha
a filamentous
mass of hyphae
Mycelium
Nonfilamentous,
unicellular fungi, spherical
or oval
Yeasts
capable of
facultative anaerobic
growth, which allows these
fungi to survive in various
environment.
Yeasts
divide asymmetrically
Budding yeasts
divide unevenly
Saccharomyces
short chain of cells from undetached yeast buds
Pseudohypha
attaches to human
epithelial cells as a yeast,
requires pseudohyphae to
invade deeper tissues
Candida albicans
divide symmetrically
Fission yeasts
divide evenly to produce two new cells
Schizosaccharomyces
produce vegetative and aerial hyphae
Moldlike growth
reproduce by budding
Yeastlike growth
yeastlike at 37 degrees Celcius and moldlike at 25 degrees Celcius
Pathogenic dimorphic fungi
Dimorphism in the fungus depends on CO2 concentration
Mucor indicus
can reproduce asexually by
fragmentation of their
hyphae
Filamentous fungi
are formed by the hyphae of
one organism. When these
spores germinate, they
become organisms that are
genetically identical to the
parent
Asexual spores
result from the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating
strains of the same species
of fungus
Sexual spores
unicellular or multicellular
spore that is not enclosed
in a sac
Conidia (conidium) or conidiospores
formed by
the fragmentation of a
septate hypha into single,
slightly thickened cells.
Arthroconidia
another
type of conidium, are
formed from the buds of
its parent cell.
Blastoconidia
Blastoconidia are found in some yeasts, such as
Candida albicans and Cryptococcus
species that produces Arthroconidia
Coccidioides immitis
thick-walled spore formed by
rounding and enlargement
within a hyphal segment.
Chlamydoconidia
fungus that produces chlamydoconidia
Candida albicans
formed within a
sporangium, or sac, at the
end of an aerial hypha
Sporangiopore
Sporangium are produced by
Rhizopus
Three phases of sexual reproduction of fungi
Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis
Haploid donor cell nucleus (+)
penetrates cytoplasm of
recipient cell (–)
Plasmogamy
+ and – nuclei
fuse to form a diploid
zygote nucleus
Karyogamy
Diploid nucleus
produces haploid nuclei
(sexual spores), some of
which may be genetic
recombinant
Meiosis
a sporangium in which
zygospores are produced.
Zygosporangium
is the capsule structure belonging to
many plants and fungi, in
which the reproductive
spores are produced and
stored
Sporangium
fusion of haploid cells produces one
zygospore; the thick-walled resting cell of
certain fungi and algae,
arising from the fusion of
two similar gametes;
sexual spores of
zygomycetes
Zygospore
formed in a sac. A sexually produced fungal
spore formed within an
ascus of ascomycetes
Ascospore
formed
externally on a pedestal
Basidiospore
a clublike structure with 2-4 apical
sterigmata that bear
basidiospores.
Basidium
Medically important Phyla of Fungi
Zygomycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Anamorphs
conjugation
of fungi, are saprophytic
molds that have
coenocytic hyphae
Zygomycota
the common black bread mold
Rhizopus mucor stolonifera
Are unusual eukaryotes
because they lack
mitochondria. Cause chronic diarrhea and
keratoconjunctivitis in
AIDS patients
Microsporidia
in 1857, when they were
discovered,
microsporidians were
classified as fungi. They
were reclassified as
protists in
1983
include molds
with septate hyphae and
some yeasts
Sac fungi
produced in long chains
from the conidiophore produced in a saclike
conidia
opportunistic, systematic mycosis
Aspergillus
systematic mycosis
Blastomyces dermatitidis,
Histoplasma capsulatum
cutaneous mycoses
Microsporum, Trichophyton
also possess
septate hyphae.
club fungi
are formed
externally on a base
pedestal called a basidium
Basidiospores
systematic mycosis
Cryptococcus neofromans
fungi that is,
they produce both sexual
and asexual spores and
these includes the fungi
Teleomorphic fungi or
telemorphs
produce asexual spores
only
Anamorphic fungi
Some ascomycetes have
lost the ability to
reproduce sexually. These
asexual fungi are called
Anamorphs
anamorph that
arose from a mutation in a
teleomorph
Penicillum
Example of subcutaneous
mycosis
Sporothrix
a fungal
disease which has virtually
eliminated the American
chestnut
Chestnut Blight
Any fungal infection
Mycosis
citric acid for foods & beverages
since 1914
Aspergillus niger
Bread, wine, HBV vaccine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Economic effects of Fungi
Citric acid for foods and beverages, bread wine, HBV vaccine, cellulase, Taxol, biocontrol of pests, biocontrol of fungi, and kills termites,
biocontrol of fungi
Coniothyrium minitans
biocontrol of pests
Entomophaga
cause Chestnut blight
Cryphonectria parasitica
cause Dutch elm disease
Ceratocystis ulmi
Five groups of fungal diseases or infections
Systemic mycoses, Subcutaneous mycoses, Cutaneous mycoses, Superficial mycoses, and Opportunistic mycoses
Deep within
body
affect many tissues and
organs
caused by fungi that live in
the soil
spores are transmitted by
inhalation
they are not contagious
from animal to human or
from human to human
Systemic mycoses
Beneath the skin
Infection occurs by direct
implantation of spores or
mycelial fragments into a
a puncture wound in the
skin
caused by saprophytic
fungi that live in soil and
on vegetation
Sporotrichosis acquired by
gardeners and farmers
Subcutaneous mycoses
Fungi that
infect only the epidermis, hair, and
nails
Dermatophytes
an enzyme that
degrades keratin, a protein
found in hair, skin, and
nails
Keratinase
Infection is transmitted
from human-human or
from animal-human by
direct contact or by
contact with infected hairs
and epidermal cells
Cutaneous mycoses
Caused
by normal microbiota or
environmental fungi
become pathogenic in a
host → debilitated or
traumatized → under
treatment with broadspectrum antibiotics
immune system is
suppressed by drugs or by
an immune disorder, or
who has lung disease
Opportunistic mycoses
most common life-threatening
infection in AIDS patients
Pneumocystis
found growing on water damaged walls of homes
Stachybotrys
patients who have diabetes
mellitus, have leukemia, or
are undergoing treatment
with immunosuppressive
drugs.
Mucormycosis
are localized on hair shafts and
superficial skin cells
Superficial mycoses
hair projection
beyond the surface of the
skin
Hair shaft
secrete organic
acids that chemically
weather rock, and they
accumulate nutrients
needed for plant growth.
Lichens
The lichen’s thallus, or
body, forms when fungal
hyphae grow around algal
cells to become
Medulla
Fungal hyphae project
below the lichen body to
form
Rhizines or holdfasts
protective covering, over the algal
layer and sometimes under
it as well.
cortex
Lichens three morphological categories
Crustose, Fruticose, Foliose
are more leaf-like
Foliose lichens
grow flush or encrusted onto the
substratum
Cructose
have
fingerlike projections
Fruticose lichens
the dye used
in litmus paper to indicate
change in pH, is extracted
from a variety of lichens.
Erythrolitmin
Three groups of Kingdom Protist
Plant-like, Fungus-like, Animal-like
HAVE CHLOROPLASTS, LIVE
IN MOIST, SUNNY
ENVIRONMENT
Plant-like protist
SAPROPHYTES, MAY BE
UNICELLULAR OR
MULTICELLULAR
Fungus-like protist
HETEROTROPHS, MOST
ARE UNICELLULAR, FREELIVING OR PARASITES
Animal-like protists
are familiar as the
large brown kelp in coastal
waters, the green scum in
a puddle, and the green
stains on soil or on rocks.
Algae
not a taxonomic
group; it is a way to
describe photoautotrophs
that lack the roots and
stems of plants
Algae
found in the subtropical Sargasso Sea,
and some species of brown
algae grow in Antarctic
waters
Sargassum
fungal-like algae
Oomycetes
The body of a multicellular
alga, lacks the
conductive tissue (xylem
and phloem)
characteristics of vascular
plants
Thallus
a floating, gas-filled bladder
Pneumatocyst
Phyla of Algae
Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, and Oomycota
Cellulose and alginic acid
cell walls
Multicellular
Chlorophyll a and c,
xanthophylls
Store carbohydrates
Harvested for algin
Phaeophyta (Brown algae)
induce vaginal dilation
before surgical entry into
the uterus through the
vagina
Laminaria japonica
a brown alga. The hollow
stipe and gas-filled
pneumatocysts hold the
thallus upright, ensuring
that sufficient sunlight
Macrocystis porifera
Have delicately branched
thalli and can live at
greater ocean depths than
other algae.
Cellulose cell walls
Most are multicellular
Chlorophyll a and d,
phycobiliproteins
Store glucose polymer
Branched thalli
Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
Grow deeper in the ocean
Harvested for agar and
carrageenan
Irish moss
grow in the
Pacific Ocean → humans
for food → some can
produce a lethal toxin
Gracillaria sp.
a red alga.
The delicately branched
red algae get their color
from phycobiliprotein
accessory pigments.
Microcladia
gelatinous material comes from a species of red algae commonly called Irish moss
Carrageenan
toxin concentrated in the mussels
Domoic acid
Cellulose cell walls
Most are microscopic
Unicellular or multicellular
Chlorophyll a and b
Store glucose polymer
Gave rise to plants
Some filamentous kinds
form grass green scum in
ponds
Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
Pectin and silica cell walls
Unicellular or filamentous
Chlorophyll a and c,
carotene, xanthophylls
Store oil
Fossilized diatoms formed
oil
Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
Neurotoxins cause
paralytic shellfish
poisoning
Karenia brevis
produce
neurotoxins (called
saxitoxins) that cause
paralytic shellfish
Alexandrium
a occurs when the
dinoflagellate
Gambierdiscus toxicus
passes up the food chain
and is concentrated in
large fish.
Ciguatera
responsible for
periodic massive fish
deaths along the Atlantic
Coast
Pfiesteria
Cellulose cell walls;
Multicellular;
Chemoheterotrophic
Produce oomycete spores
→ zoospores → have two
flagella
Oomycota (water molds)
infects
Eucalyptus tree
P. cinnamoni
causes
“sudden oak death” &
redwood trees
P. ramorum
What damage is
Phytophthora causing in
other parts of the world
today?
infects soybeans,
potatoes, and cocoa
worldwide. Vegetative
hyphae produce motile
zoospores as well as
specialized sex hyphae.
produce
most of the molecular
oxygen in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Planktonic algae
the fossil
remains of planktonic
algae
Petroleum
evolved special
organs that host
dinoflagellates
Tridacna
no cysts stage
Trichomonas vaginalis
consists of a membrane bordered by the flagellum
Undulating membrane
Must be transferred fromhost tohost
quickly before desiccation occurs Found in the vagina and male urinary tract Transmitted by sexual
intercourse and by toilet facilities or towel
Trichomonas vaginalis
Two groups of flagellated cells based on common rRNA sequences, disk-shaped mitochondria, and absence of sexual reproduction
Euglenozoa
Photoautotrophs, some facultative
chemoheterotrophs Pellicle: semigrid plasma membrane Red eyespot at the anterior end
Euglenoids
What are the protozoan phyla?
Archaeozoa, Ciliophora, Euglenozoa, Apicomplexa, Amoebozoa
Transmitted by the bites of blood-feeding insects
Have long, slender bodies and an
undulating membrane
Hemoflagellates (blood parasites)
African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma
transmitted by the tsetse fly
Trypanosoma brucei
infection of the small intestine by Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis
Chagas disease transmitted
by the“ kissing bug”(bites on the
face)
Trypanosoma cruzi
What is the largest phylum of Protozoa?
Amoebozoa
Move by pseudopods
Amoebozoa
lobe-like projections of the cytoplasm, temporary extensions of the cell- how amoebozoa capture food
pseudopods
only pathogenic ameba found in the
human intestine (about 10% of
human population may be colonized)
Entamoeba histolytica
infection of intestines with diarrhea
dysentery
causes blindness
Acanthamoeba
Have a complex of special organelles for penetrating host tissue. Nonmotile Obligate intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium, Cyclospora, Toxoplasma
Apicomplexa
Lives inside the cells lining the small
intestine and can be transmitted to
humans through the feces of cows, rodents dogs, and cats
Cryptosporidium cayetanensis
four examples of Apicomplexa
Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Toxoplasma
parasite of RBC
Causes fever and anemia in
immunosuppressed individuals Transmitted by the tick Lxodes scapularis
Babesia microti
-infective stage of Plasmodium
carried by Anopheles
Sporozoite
causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium vivax
thousands of
trophozoites which infect red blood cells
Merozoites
intracellular parasite of humans. Dangerous to pregnant women because it can cause congenital
infections in utero
Toxoplasma gondii
reproduce sexuallyand asexually in an infectedcat
trachyzoites
each containing 8 sporozoites, are excreted with feces.
Oocysts
Move by cilia (arranged in precise rows on the cell) Complex cells
Ciliates
only human parasite severe through a rare type of
dysentery
Balantidium coli
It has specialized structures for
ingestion (_________), elimination of
wastes (________), and the regulation of osmotic pressure (__________)
cytostome, analpore, contractile vacuoles
involved with protein synthesis and other ongoing cellular activities
macronucleus
attaches to objects in water by the base of its stalk.
Vorticella
live and grow by
ingesting fungi and bacteria by
phagocytosis.
ameboid cells
mass of protoplasm with many nuclei- moves as a giant ameba- engulfs organic debris and bacteria
Plasmodium
the protoplasm within the plasmodium moves and changes both its speed and direction so
that the oxygen and nutrients are evenly
distributed.
Cytoplasmic streaming
Two phyla of Helminths
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms)
Male and female reproductive system in one animal Two hermaphrodites may copulate and simultaneously fertilize each other.
Monoecious
Dorsoventrally flattened, the classes of parasitic flatworms include the trematodes and cestodes, cause disease or developmental disturbances in a wide variety of animals
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Separate male and female reproduction occurs only when two adults of the opposite sex are in the same host
Dioecious
Flat, leaf shaped bodies with a ventral sucker and an oral sucker, obtain food by absorbing it through their nonliving outer covering, called cuticle
Trematodes or Flukes
Asian liver fluke occasionally seen in immigrants in the US.
Clonorchis sinensis
Blood fluke are not ingested
Schistosoma
Intestinal parasite, head/scolex has suckers for attaching to the intestinal mucosa of the definitive host; some have small hooks for attachment
Cestoda or Tapeworms
Body segments
Proglottids
Beef tapeworm, live in humans and can reach a length of 6m.
Taenia saginata
Contains “brood capsules” from which thousands if scoleces might be produced
Hydatid cyst
Consisting of a mouth, intestine, anus
Complete digestive system
Animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs
Arthropods
Classes of Phylum Arthropoda
Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea
Houseflies lay their eggs on decaying organic matter- pathogen attach on it- transport to our food
Mechanical transmission
Microbe multiplies in vector
Biological transmission
Parasites can accumulate in the vector’s feces or saliva
Definitive host
