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microbiology ni ma'am k > IV-C: Eukaryotes > Flashcards

IV-C: Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

feeding and growing stage

A

tropozoite

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2
Q

multiple fission

A

schizogomy

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3
Q

haploid sex cells

A

Gametes (gametocytes)

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4
Q

protective capsule, it permits the
organisms to survive when food, moisture, or
oxygen are lacking, when temperatures are not
suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present.

A

Cysts

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5
Q

Reproductive structure in which new cells are produced asexually

A

Oocyst

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6
Q

Two Chlorophyll containing groups

A

Dinoflagellates and euglenoids

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7
Q

protective covering of Protozoa

A

Pellicle

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8
Q

mouth-like opening

A

Cytostome

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9
Q

lack mitochondria and have flagella

A

Trichomonas and Giardia

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10
Q

single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove in the cytoskeleton

A

Archaezoa

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11
Q

parasite found in the small intestine of humans and other mammals

A

Giardia intestinalis or G. lamblia/ G. duodenalis

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12
Q

an alga that infects potato crops

A

Phytophthora infestans

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13
Q

well over 1 million people died
or were displaced because
of the devastating effects
of Phytophthora infestans,
an alga that infects potato
crops

A

Great Irish
Famine of the mid–
nineteenth century

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14
Q

kills 1 million people, mostly children, annually

A

Malaria

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15
Q

60 million are infected

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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16
Q

belong to several super clades and can reproduce both
sexually and asexually. They are photoautotrophs and produce several different photosynthetic pigments.

A

Algae

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17
Q

Most are chemoheterotrophic, but a few are
photoautotrophic. They obtain
nutrients by absorption or
ingestion. All are unicellular, and
many are motile. Parasitic
protozoans often form resistant
cysts.

A

Protozoa

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18
Q

chemoheterotrophs and
acquire food by absorption. With
the exception of yeasts, fungi are
multicellular. Most reproduce with
sexual and asexual spores

A

Fungi

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19
Q

multicellular animals. They are
chemoheterotrophs. Most obtain
nutrients by ingestion through the
mouth; some are absorptive.

A

Helminths

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20
Q

are animals with jointed legs. The arthropods that
transmit diseases are important in
microbiology. These include ticks,
and some insects; most often,
members of the mosquito family
are responsible for transmitting
disease

A

Arthropods

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21
Q

Fungi, protozoa, and
arthropods cause diseases
in humans. Most of these
diseases are diagnosed by
microscopic examination.
Like bacteria, fungi are
cultured on laboratory
media. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

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22
Q

Infections caused by
eukaryotes are difficult to
treat because humans
have eukaryotic cells. TRUE OR FALSE.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Algal diseases of humans
are infectious; they are
intoxications because the
symptoms result from
ingesting algal toxins. TRUE OR FALSE.

A

FALSE

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24
Q

Arthropods that transmit
infectious diseases are
called a vector. Arthropod-borne diseases such as
West Nile encephalitis is
best controlled by limiting
exposure to arthropods. TRUE OR FALSE.

A

TRUE

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25
Q

aerobic or
facultatively anaerobic;
only a few anaerobic fungi
are known.

A

Fungi

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26
Q

Symbiotic fungi that help the roots absorb minerals and water from the soil

A

Mycorrhizae

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27
Q

Study of fungi

A

Mycology

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28
Q

cross walls which divide them into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units

A

septa

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29
Q

distinct, uninucleate cell-like units

A

septate hyphae

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30
Q

hyphae contain no septa
and appear as long,
continuous cell with many
nuclei

A

Coenocytic hyphae

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31
Q

grow by elongating at the tips

A

Hyphae

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32
Q

the portion of a hypha that
obtains nutrients.

A

Vegetative hypha

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33
Q

The portion
concerned with
reproduction, bear
reproductive spores

A

Reproductive or aerial hypha

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34
Q

a filamentous
mass of hyphae

A

Mycelium

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35
Q

Nonfilamentous,
unicellular fungi, spherical
or oval

A

Yeasts

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36
Q

capable of
facultative anaerobic
growth, which allows these
fungi to survive in various
environment.

A

Yeasts

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37
Q

divide asymmetrically

A

Budding yeasts

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38
Q

divide unevenly

A

Saccharomyces

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39
Q

short chain of cells from undetached yeast buds

A

Pseudohypha

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40
Q

attaches to human
epithelial cells as a yeast,
requires pseudohyphae to
invade deeper tissues

A

Candida albicans

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41
Q

divide symmetrically

A

Fission yeasts

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42
Q

divide evenly to produce two new cells

A

Schizosaccharomyces

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43
Q

produce vegetative and aerial hyphae

A

Moldlike growth

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44
Q

reproduce by budding

A

Yeastlike growth

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45
Q

yeastlike at 37 degrees Celcius and moldlike at 25 degrees Celcius

A

Pathogenic dimorphic fungi

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46
Q

Dimorphism in the fungus depends on CO2 concentration

A

Mucor indicus

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47
Q

can reproduce asexually by
fragmentation of their
hyphae

A

Filamentous fungi

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48
Q

are formed by the hyphae of
one organism. When these
spores germinate, they
become organisms that are
genetically identical to the
parent

A

Asexual spores

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49
Q

result from the fusion of nuclei from
two opposite mating
strains of the same species
of fungus

A

Sexual spores

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50
Q

unicellular or multicellular
spore that is not enclosed
in a sac

A

Conidia (conidium) or conidiospores

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51
Q

formed by
the fragmentation of a
septate hypha into single,
slightly thickened cells.

A

Arthroconidia

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52
Q

another
type of conidium, are
formed from the buds of
its parent cell.

A

Blastoconidia

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53
Q

Blastoconidia are found in some yeasts, such as

A

Candida albicans and Cryptococcus

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54
Q

species that produces Arthroconidia

A

Coccidioides immitis

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55
Q

thick-walled spore formed by
rounding and enlargement
within a hyphal segment.

A

Chlamydoconidia

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56
Q

fungus that produces chlamydoconidia

A

Candida albicans

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57
Q

formed within a
sporangium, or sac, at the
end of an aerial hypha

A

Sporangiopore

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58
Q

Sporangium are produced by

A

Rhizopus

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59
Q

Three phases of sexual reproduction of fungi

A

Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis

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60
Q

Haploid donor cell nucleus (+)
penetrates cytoplasm of
recipient cell (–)

A

Plasmogamy

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61
Q

+ and – nuclei
fuse to form a diploid
zygote nucleus

A

Karyogamy

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62
Q

Diploid nucleus
produces haploid nuclei
(sexual spores), some of
which may be genetic
recombinant

A

Meiosis

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63
Q

a sporangium in which
zygospores are produced.

A

Zygosporangium

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64
Q

is the capsule structure belonging to
many plants and fungi, in
which the reproductive
spores are produced and
stored

A

Sporangium

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65
Q

fusion of haploid cells produces one
zygospore; the thick-walled resting cell of
certain fungi and algae,
arising from the fusion of
two similar gametes;
sexual spores of
zygomycetes

A

Zygospore

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66
Q

formed in a sac. A sexually produced fungal
spore formed within an
ascus of ascomycetes

A

Ascospore

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67
Q

formed
externally on a pedestal

A

Basidiospore

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68
Q

a clublike structure with 2-4 apical
sterigmata that bear
basidiospores.

A

Basidium

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69
Q

Medically important Phyla of Fungi

A

Zygomycota, Microsporidia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Anamorphs

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70
Q

conjugation
of fungi, are saprophytic
molds that have
coenocytic hyphae

A

Zygomycota

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71
Q

the common black bread mold

A

Rhizopus mucor stolonifera

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72
Q

Are unusual eukaryotes
because they lack
mitochondria. Cause chronic diarrhea and
keratoconjunctivitis in
AIDS patients

A

Microsporidia

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73
Q

in 1857, when they were
discovered,
microsporidians were
classified as fungi. They
were reclassified as
protists in

A

1983

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74
Q

include molds
with septate hyphae and
some yeasts

A

Sac fungi

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75
Q

produced in long chains
from the conidiophore produced in a saclike

A

conidia

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76
Q

opportunistic, systematic mycosis

A

Aspergillus

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77
Q

systematic mycosis

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis,
Histoplasma capsulatum

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78
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A

Microsporum, Trichophyton

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79
Q

also possess
septate hyphae.

A

club fungi

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80
Q

are formed
externally on a base
pedestal called a basidium

A

Basidiospores

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81
Q

systematic mycosis

A

Cryptococcus neofromans

82
Q

fungi that is,
they produce both sexual
and asexual spores and
these includes the fungi

A

Teleomorphic fungi or
telemorphs

83
Q

produce asexual spores
only

A

Anamorphic fungi

84
Q

Some ascomycetes have
lost the ability to
reproduce sexually. These
asexual fungi are called

A

Anamorphs

85
Q

anamorph that
arose from a mutation in a
teleomorph

A

Penicillum

86
Q

Example of subcutaneous
mycosis

A

Sporothrix

87
Q

a fungal
disease which has virtually
eliminated the American
chestnut

A

Chestnut Blight

88
Q

Any fungal infection

A

Mycosis

89
Q

citric acid for foods & beverages
since 1914

A

Aspergillus niger

90
Q

Bread, wine, HBV vaccine

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

91
Q

Economic effects of Fungi

A

Citric acid for foods and beverages, bread wine, HBV vaccine, cellulase, Taxol, biocontrol of pests, biocontrol of fungi, and kills termites,

92
Q

biocontrol of fungi

A

Coniothyrium minitans

93
Q

biocontrol of pests

A

Entomophaga

94
Q

cause Chestnut blight

A

Cryphonectria parasitica

95
Q

cause Dutch elm disease

A

Ceratocystis ulmi

96
Q

Five groups of fungal diseases or infections

A

Systemic mycoses, Subcutaneous mycoses, Cutaneous mycoses, Superficial mycoses, and Opportunistic mycoses

97
Q

Deep within
body
 affect many tissues and
organs
 caused by fungi that live in
the soil
 spores are transmitted by
inhalation
 they are not contagious
from animal to human or
from human to human

A

Systemic mycoses

98
Q

Beneath the skin
 Infection occurs by direct
implantation of spores or
mycelial fragments into a
a puncture wound in the
skin
 caused by saprophytic
fungi that live in soil and
on vegetation
 Sporotrichosis acquired by
gardeners and farmers

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

99
Q

Fungi that
infect only the epidermis, hair, and
nails

A

Dermatophytes

100
Q

an enzyme that
degrades keratin, a protein
found in hair, skin, and
nails

A

Keratinase

101
Q

Infection is transmitted
from human-human or
from animal-human by
direct contact or by
contact with infected hairs
and epidermal cells

A

Cutaneous mycoses

102
Q

Caused
by normal microbiota or
environmental fungi
 become pathogenic in a
host → debilitated or
traumatized → under
treatment with broadspectrum antibiotics
 immune system is
suppressed by drugs or by
an immune disorder, or
who has lung disease

A

Opportunistic mycoses

103
Q

most common life-threatening
infection in AIDS patients

A

Pneumocystis

104
Q

found growing on water damaged walls of homes

A

Stachybotrys

105
Q

patients who have diabetes
mellitus, have leukemia, or
are undergoing treatment
with immunosuppressive
drugs.

A

Mucormycosis

106
Q

are localized on hair shafts and
superficial skin cells

A

Superficial mycoses

107
Q

hair projection
beyond the surface of the
skin

A

Hair shaft

108
Q

secrete organic
acids that chemically
weather rock, and they
accumulate nutrients
needed for plant growth.

A

Lichens

109
Q

The lichen’s thallus, or
body, forms when fungal
hyphae grow around algal
cells to become

A

Medulla

110
Q

Fungal hyphae project
below the lichen body to
form

A

Rhizines or holdfasts

111
Q

protective covering, over the algal
layer and sometimes under
it as well.

A

cortex

112
Q

Lichens three morphological categories

A

Crustose, Fruticose, Foliose

113
Q

are more leaf-like

A

Foliose lichens

114
Q

grow flush or encrusted onto the
substratum

A

Cructose

115
Q

have
fingerlike projections

A

Fruticose lichens

116
Q

the dye used
in litmus paper to indicate
change in pH, is extracted
from a variety of lichens.

A

Erythrolitmin

117
Q

Three groups of Kingdom Protist

A

Plant-like, Fungus-like, Animal-like

118
Q

HAVE CHLOROPLASTS, LIVE
IN MOIST, SUNNY
ENVIRONMENT

A

Plant-like protist

119
Q

SAPROPHYTES, MAY BE
UNICELLULAR OR
MULTICELLULAR

A

Fungus-like protist

120
Q

HETEROTROPHS, MOST
ARE UNICELLULAR, FREELIVING OR PARASITES

A

Animal-like protists

121
Q

are familiar as the
large brown kelp in coastal
waters, the green scum in
a puddle, and the green
stains on soil or on rocks.

A

Algae

122
Q

not a taxonomic
group; it is a way to
describe photoautotrophs
that lack the roots and
stems of plants

A

Algae

123
Q

found in the subtropical Sargasso Sea,
and some species of brown
algae grow in Antarctic
waters

A

Sargassum

124
Q

fungal-like algae

A

Oomycetes

125
Q

The body of a multicellular
alga, lacks the
conductive tissue (xylem
and phloem)
characteristics of vascular
plants

A

Thallus

126
Q

a floating, gas-filled bladder

A

Pneumatocyst

127
Q

Phyla of Algae

A

Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, and Oomycota

128
Q

Cellulose and alginic acid
cell walls
 Multicellular
 Chlorophyll a and c,
xanthophylls
 Store carbohydrates
 Harvested for algin

A

Phaeophyta (Brown algae)

129
Q

induce vaginal dilation
before surgical entry into
the uterus through the
vagina

A

Laminaria japonica

130
Q

a brown alga. The hollow
stipe and gas-filled
pneumatocysts hold the
thallus upright, ensuring
that sufficient sunlight

A

Macrocystis porifera

131
Q

Have delicately branched
thalli and can live at
greater ocean depths than
other algae.
 Cellulose cell walls
 Most are multicellular
 Chlorophyll a and d,
phycobiliproteins
 Store glucose polymer
 Branched thalli

A

Rhodophyta (Red Algae)

132
Q

Grow deeper in the ocean
Harvested for agar and
carrageenan

A

Irish moss

133
Q

grow in the
Pacific Ocean → humans
for food → some can
produce a lethal toxin

A

Gracillaria sp.

134
Q

a red alga.
The delicately branched
red algae get their color
from phycobiliprotein
accessory pigments.

A

Microcladia

135
Q

gelatinous material comes from a species of red algae commonly called Irish moss

A

Carrageenan

136
Q

toxin concentrated in the mussels

A

Domoic acid

137
Q

Cellulose cell walls
 Most are microscopic
 Unicellular or multicellular
 Chlorophyll a and b
 Store glucose polymer
 Gave rise to plants
 Some filamentous kinds
form grass green scum in
ponds

A

Chlorophyta (Green Algae)

138
Q

Pectin and silica cell walls
 Unicellular or filamentous
 Chlorophyll a and c,
carotene, xanthophylls
 Store oil
 Fossilized diatoms formed
oil

A

Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)

139
Q

Neurotoxins cause
paralytic shellfish
poisoning

A

Karenia brevis

140
Q

produce
neurotoxins (called
saxitoxins) that cause
paralytic shellfish

A

Alexandrium

141
Q

a occurs when the
dinoflagellate
Gambierdiscus toxicus
passes up the food chain
and is concentrated in
large fish.

A

Ciguatera

142
Q

responsible for
periodic massive fish
deaths along the Atlantic
Coast

A

Pfiesteria

143
Q

Cellulose cell walls;
Multicellular;
Chemoheterotrophic
 Produce oomycete spores
→ zoospores → have two
flagella

A

Oomycota (water molds)

144
Q

infects
Eucalyptus tree

A

P. cinnamoni

145
Q

causes
“sudden oak death” &
redwood trees

A

P. ramorum

146
Q

What damage is
Phytophthora causing in
other parts of the world
today?

A

infects soybeans,
potatoes, and cocoa
worldwide. Vegetative
hyphae produce motile
zoospores as well as
specialized sex hyphae.

147
Q

produce
most of the molecular
oxygen in the Earth’s
atmosphere.

A

Planktonic algae

148
Q

the fossil
remains of planktonic
algae

A

Petroleum

149
Q

evolved special
organs that host
dinoflagellates

A

Tridacna

150
Q

no cysts stage

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

151
Q

consists of a membrane bordered by the flagellum

A

Undulating membrane

152
Q

Must be transferred fromhost tohost
quickly before desiccation occurs  Found in the vagina and male urinary tract  Transmitted by sexual
intercourse and by toilet facilities or towel

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

153
Q

Two groups of flagellated cells based on common rRNA sequences, disk-shaped mitochondria, and absence of sexual reproduction

A

Euglenozoa

154
Q

Photoautotrophs, some facultative
chemoheterotrophs  Pellicle: semigrid plasma membrane Red eyespot at the anterior end

A

Euglenoids

155
Q

What are the protozoan phyla?

A

Archaeozoa, Ciliophora, Euglenozoa, Apicomplexa, Amoebozoa

156
Q

Transmitted by the bites of blood-feeding insects
 Have long, slender bodies and an
undulating membrane

A

Hemoflagellates (blood parasites)

157
Q

African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma

158
Q

transmitted by the tsetse fly

A

Trypanosoma brucei

159
Q

infection of the small intestine by Giardia lamblia

A

Giardiasis

160
Q

Chagas disease transmitted
by the“ kissing bug”(bites on the
face)

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

161
Q

What is the largest phylum of Protozoa?

A

Amoebozoa

162
Q

Move by pseudopods

A

Amoebozoa

163
Q

lobe-like projections of the cytoplasm, temporary extensions of the cell- how amoebozoa capture food

A

pseudopods

164
Q

only pathogenic ameba found in the
human intestine (about 10% of
human population may be colonized)

A

Entamoeba histolytica

165
Q

infection of intestines with diarrhea

A

dysentery

166
Q

causes blindness

A

Acanthamoeba

167
Q

Have a complex of special organelles for penetrating host tissue. Nonmotile  Obligate intracellular parasites  Complex life cycles  Plasmodium, Cyclospora, Toxoplasma

A

Apicomplexa

168
Q

Lives inside the cells lining the small
intestine and can be transmitted to
humans through the feces of cows, rodents dogs, and cats

A

Cryptosporidium cayetanensis

169
Q

four examples of Apicomplexa

A

Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Toxoplasma

170
Q

parasite of RBC
 Causes fever and anemia in
immunosuppressed individuals  Transmitted by the tick Lxodes scapularis

A

Babesia microti

171
Q

-infective stage of Plasmodium
carried by Anopheles

A

Sporozoite

172
Q

causative agent of malaria

A

Plasmodium vivax

173
Q

thousands of
trophozoites which infect red blood cells

A

Merozoites

174
Q

intracellular parasite of humans.  Dangerous to pregnant women because it can cause congenital
infections in utero

A

Toxoplasma gondii

175
Q

reproduce sexuallyand asexually in an infectedcat

A

trachyzoites

176
Q

each containing 8 sporozoites, are excreted with feces.

A

Oocysts

177
Q

Move by cilia (arranged in precise rows on the cell)  Complex cells

A

Ciliates

178
Q

only human parasite severe through a rare type of
dysentery

A

Balantidium coli

179
Q

It has specialized structures for
ingestion (_________), elimination of
wastes (________), and the regulation of osmotic pressure (__________)

A

cytostome, analpore, contractile vacuoles

180
Q

involved with protein synthesis and other ongoing cellular activities

A

macronucleus

181
Q

attaches to objects in water by the base of its stalk.

A

Vorticella

182
Q

live and grow by
ingesting fungi and bacteria by
phagocytosis.

A

ameboid cells

183
Q

mass of protoplasm with many nuclei- moves as a giant ameba- engulfs organic debris and bacteria

A

Plasmodium

184
Q

the protoplasm within the plasmodium moves and changes both its speed and direction so
that the oxygen and nutrients are evenly
distributed.

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

185
Q

Two phyla of Helminths

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms)

186
Q

Male and female reproductive system in one animal  Two hermaphrodites may copulate and simultaneously fertilize each other.

A

Monoecious

187
Q

Dorsoventrally flattened, the classes of parasitic flatworms include the trematodes and cestodes, cause disease or developmental disturbances in a wide variety of animals

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

188
Q

Separate male and female  reproduction occurs only when two adults of the opposite sex are in the same host

A

Dioecious

189
Q

Flat, leaf shaped bodies with a ventral sucker and an oral sucker, obtain food by absorbing it through their nonliving outer covering, called cuticle

A

Trematodes or Flukes

190
Q

Asian liver fluke occasionally seen in immigrants in the US.

A

Clonorchis sinensis

191
Q

Blood fluke are not ingested

A

Schistosoma

192
Q

Intestinal parasite, head/scolex has suckers for attaching to the intestinal mucosa of the definitive host; some have small hooks for attachment

A

Cestoda or Tapeworms

193
Q

Body segments

A

Proglottids

194
Q

Beef tapeworm, live in humans and can reach a length of 6m.

A

Taenia saginata

195
Q

Contains “brood capsules” from which thousands if scoleces might be produced

A

Hydatid cyst

196
Q

Consisting of a mouth, intestine, anus

A

Complete digestive system

197
Q

Animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs

A

Arthropods

198
Q

Classes of Phylum Arthropoda

A

Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea

199
Q

Houseflies lay their eggs on decaying organic matter- pathogen attach on it- transport to our food

A

Mechanical transmission

200
Q

Microbe multiplies in vector

A

Biological transmission

201
Q

Parasites can accumulate in the vector’s feces or saliva

A

Definitive host

microbiology ni ma'am k (3 decks)

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