IV-B: Prokaryotes Flashcards
categorizes bacteria into taxa based on rRNA sequences
Bergey’s Manual
Greek god who could assume many shapes
Proteus
the largest group of bacteria, most gram-negative and chemoheterotrophic
Proteobacteria
five classes of proteobacteria
alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria
capable of growth with very low levels of nutrients, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs
Alphaproteobacteria
most abundant in the oceans on the basis of weight
Pelagibacter
member of a group of SAR 11 (Sargasso Sea)
Pelagibacter ubique
grow in soil, using nutrients excreted by plants and fix nitrogen
Azospirillum
industrially important aerobic organisms that convert ethanol into acetic acid
Acetobacter & Gluconobacter
emerging pathogen found in patients with chronic granulomatous disease
Granulibacter
Transmitted to humans by insect and tick bites, gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria or coccobacilli
Rickettsia
Epidemic typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Endemic murine typhus
Rickettsia typhi
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rickettsia rickettsii
live obligately within white blood cells, rickettsia-like bacteria
Ehrlichia
they have prosthecae because of the constant changing flow of water
Caulobacter
budding bacteria found in lakes, found growing in laboratory water baths
hyphomicrobium
infects the roots of leguminous plants, such as bean, peas, or clover
Rhizobium & Bradyrhizobium
insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor-like gall, and used in genetic engineering
Agrobacterium
appear swollen and red with round, raised lesions and can have pus
Bartonella
cat-scratch disease, mild infection can occur at the site of the scratch or bite
Bartonella henselae
small non-motile coccobacilli & obligate parasites of mammals and have the ability to survive phagocytosis
Brucella
important element of the body’s defense against bacteria
phagocytosis
oxidize nitrogen for energy and fix CO2
chemoautotrophic
the most common infectious bacterial genus in the world, it lives on insects and other animals
Wolbachia
sperm-egg incompatibility, pathogenesis, cytoplasmic incompatibility, and feminization
Pathogenic effect
infected male Aedes aegypti and Zika virus
Wolbachia
often uses hydrogen gas, ammonia, and methane and several pathogenic bacteria are found in this group
Betaproteobacteria
species and other sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are important in the sulfur cycle
Acidithiobacillus
chemoheterotrophic and sheathed bacteria
Sphaerotilus
protective and also aid in nutrient accumulation
sheathed bacteria
found in freshwater and in sewage
Sphaerotilus natans
found mainly in freshwater and motile by polar flagella, distinction from helical spirochetes which use axial filaments
Spirillum
used as a demonstration slide when microbiology students are first introduced to the operation of the microscope
Spirillum volutans
nosocomial infections; motile by a single polar flagella or tuft of flagella
Burkholderia
capable of degrading more than 100 different organic molecules, also a problem for people with genetic lung disease cystic fibrosis
Burkholderia cepacia
resident in moist soils and is the cause of a severe disease (melioidosis)
Burkholderia pseudomallei
non-motile, aerobic, & chemoheterotrophic rods
Bordetella
cause of pertussis, or whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
important in the context of aerobic sewage-treatment processes such as the activated sludge system, they form fluffy, slimy masses
Zoogloea
usually inhabit the mucous membranes of mammals
Neisseria
agent of meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitides
gonococcus bacterium, the causative agent of gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
the largest subgroup of the proteobacteria & include a great variety of physiological types
Gammaproteobacteria
not only the largest known bacteria but also exhibits several unusual characteristics
Thiomargarita namibiensis
resembles certain filamentous cyanobacteria but not photosynthetic
Beggiatoa
cause tularemia or deerfly fever, grown only on complex media enriched with blood or tissue extracts
Francisella tularensis
opportunistic pathogens, metabolically diverse, polar flagella and capable of growth in some antiseptics, such as quaternary ammonium compounds
Pseudomonas
produces a soluble, blue-green pigmentation
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
plant pathogen
Pseudomonas syringae
M. lacunata is implicated in conjunctivitis
Moraxella
inflammation of the conjunctiva, membrane that covers the eye and lines the eyelids
conjunctivitis
an increasing concern to the medical community, resistant to most available antibiotic
Acinetobacter
respiratory pathogen but it also infects skin, soft tissue, and wounds and occasionally invades the bloodstream
Acinetobacter baumanii
found in streams, water-pipes, cooling towers
Legionella
Legionnaire’s disease (pneumonia-type) & Pontiac fever (flu-like)
Legionella pneumophilia
causes Q fever transmitted via aerosols or milk
Coxiella burnetii
facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods and found in coastal area
Vibrionales
causes cholera
Vibrio cholerae
causes gastroenteritis, transmitted to humans mostly by raw or undercooked shellfish
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
they inhabit the intestinal tract of humans and other animals, active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrates
Enterobacteriales
proteins that cause the lysis of closely related species of bacteria, help maintain the ecological balance of various enterics in the intestines
Bacteriocins
urinary tract infections and healthcare-associated infections
Enterobacter cloacae & Enterobacter aerogenes
plant pathogens plant soft-rot disease, produce enzyme that hydrolyze the pectin between individual plant cells
Erwinia
cause plant cells to separate from each other
soft rot
cause urinary tract infections, certain strains produce enterotoxins that cause traveler’s diarrhea
Escherichia coli
cause sporadic infections in humans, birds, and calves
Escherichia albertii
cause serious form of pneumonia in humans
Klebsiella pneumoniae
this genus of bacteria is implicated in many infections of the urinary tract and in wounds
Proteus
inhibit intestinal tracts of many animals, especially poultry and cattle & can contaminate food
Salmonella
resident of “cold-blooded” animals, rarely founds in humans
Salmonella bongori
infectious to warm-blooded animals
Salmonella enterica
use to differentiate Salmonella serovars
Kauffman-White scheme
causes by other S. enterica serovars
Salmonellosis
production of red pigment, found on catheters, in saline irrigation solutions and other sterile solutions
Serratia marcescens
bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, and found only in humans
Shigella
causes plague, carries by rats and ground squirrels; fleas transmit it among animals and to humans
Yersenia pestis
facultative anaerobic, motile, and with seven species
Cronobacter
meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, widespread in a range of environments and foods
Cronobacter sakazakii
non-motile, human and animal pathogens
Pasteurellales
pathogen of domestic animals, causes pneumonia and septicemia
Pasteurella
transmitted to humans by dog and cat bites
Pasteurella multocida
inhabit the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract
Haemophilus
meningitis, earaches, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
sexually transmitted disease chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi
include some bacteria that are predators on other bacteria, important contributors to the sulfur cycle
Deltaproteobacteria
prey on other bacteria
Bdellovibrio
used oxidized forms of sulfur, such as sulfates or elemental sulfur instead of oxygen as final electron acceptor
Desulfovibrionales
fruiting and gliding bacteria, vegetative cells of the myxobacteria move by gliding and leave behind a slime trail
Myxococcales
their source of nutrition is the bacteria they encounter, enzymatically lyse and digest
Myxococcus xanthus & Myxococcus fulvus
macroscopic stalked fruiting body that contains large numbers of resting cells
myxospores
slender gram-negative rods that are helical or curved, motile by means of flagella and microaerophilic
Epsilonproteobacteria
microaerophilic vibrio, and each cell has one polar flagella
Campylobacter
causes spontaneous abortion in domestic animals
Campylobacter fetus
leading cause of outbreaks of foodborne intestinal disease
Campylobacter jejuni
Microaerophilic curved rods with multiple flagella
Helicobacter
most common cause of peptic ulcer in humans
Helicobacter pylori
once called blue-green algae, carry out photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria
the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Cyanobacteria
contain enzyme that fix nitrogen gas into ammonium growing cell
Heterocysts
smallest known photosynthesizer, most abundant organisms on Earth
Prochlorococcus
The anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Phyla Chlorobi and Chlorofelxi
green sulfur bacteria
Chlorobium
green non-sulfur bacteria
Cloroflexus
purple sulfur bacteria
Chromatium
coccoid bacteria, grouped with other genetically similar bacteria that do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Chlamydiae
infective agent
elementary body
trachoma, most common cause of blindness in humans
Chlamydia trachomatis
causative agent of the respiratory disease psittacosis
Chlamydophila psittaci
cause of a mild form of pneumonia that is especially prevalent in young adults
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
group of gram-negative, budding bacteria, are said to blur the definition of what bacteria are
Planctomycetes
has a double internal membrane around its DNA, resembling eukaryotic nucleus
Gemmata obscuriglobus
common members of the human microbiome, especially the gastrointestinal tract
Bacteriodetes
found in the human mouth
Prevotella
emerging cause of healthcare-associated infections
Elizabethkingia
cause of peritonitis, an inflammation resulting from a perforated bowel
Bacteroides
important in the degradation of cellulose and chitin, which are both abundant in soil
Cytophaga
often pleomorphic but may be spindle-shaped
Fusobacteria
found in gingival crevice of the gums and responsible for some dental abscesses
Fusobacterium
have coiled morphology resembling metal spring
Spirochetes
cause syphilis
Treponema pallidum
causes Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
spread to humans by water contaminated by Leptospira species
Leptospira leptospirosis
exceptionally resistant to radiation
Deinococcus radiodurans
a bacterium that is unusually heat stable
Thermus aquaticus
Low G+C Gram-positive bacteria include important endospore-forming bacteria such as the genera Clostridium and Bacillus
Firmicutes
Obligate anaerobe; rod-shaped cells contain endospores that usually distend the cell
Clostridium
Tetanus
Clostridium tetant
botulism
Clostridium botulinum
gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea
Clostridium perfringens
serious diarrhea- antibiotic therapy alters the normal intestinal microbiota, allowing overgrowth by this toxin-producing bacterium
Clostridium difficile
cigar-shaped can be seen with the unaided eye, name means “guest at the banquet of fish”
Epulopiscium
rods that produce endospores, several species produce antibiotics, pathogenic to humans
Bacillus
causes anthrax, a disease of cattle, sheep, and horses that can be transmitted to humans
Bacillus anthracis
microbial insect pathogen
Bacillus thuringiensis
cause of food poisoning, especially in starchy foods such as rice
Bacillus cereus
yellow-pigmented colonies
Staphylococcus aureus
lactic-acid-producing bacteria, aerotolerant and capable of growth in the presence of oxygen
Lactobacillus
located in the vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity, used commercially in the production of buttermilk, yogurt, pickles
Lactobacilli
spherical, gram-positive bacteria that typically appear in chains
Streptococcus
produce a hemolysin that forms a clear zone of hemolysis on blood agar
Beta-hemolytic streptococci
known as the beta-hemolytic group A, scarlet fever
Streptococcus Pyogenes
beta-hemolytic group B, neonatal sepsis in newborn
Streptococcus agalactiae
when grown on blood agar, their colonies are surrounded by a distinctive greening
Non-beta-hemolytic or alpha-hemolytic streptococci
cause of pneumococcal pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
primary cause of dental caries
Streptococci mutans
adapted to areas to areas of the body that are rich in nutrients but low in oxygen-gastrointestinal tract, vagina, and oral cavity
Enterococcus
cause infections of surgical wounds and the urinary tract
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium
can contaminate food, especially dairy products
Listeria monocytogenes
wall less mycoplasmas
Tenericutes
highly pleomorphic because they lack a cell wall
Mycoplasma
cause mild form of pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
highly pleomorphic in their morphology
Actinobacter
aerobic, non-endospore forming rods, acid- fast staining, drug resistance, and pathogenicity
Mycobacterium
waxy, water-resistant layer
mycolic acid
causes tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
causses leprosy
Mycobacterium leprosy
Two groups of Mycobacterium
slow growers and fast or rapid growers
tend to be pleomorphic, and their morphology often varies with the age of the cells
Corynebacterium
causative agent of diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
ability to form propionic acid
Propionibacterium
commonly found in human skin and are implicated as the primary bacterial cause of acne
Propionibacterium acnes
causes one of the most common forms of vaginitis
Gardnerella vaginalis
causes nitrogen-fixing nodules to form in alder tree roots
Frankia
produce most of our commercial antibiotics, often produce extracellular enzymes
Streptomyces
form filaments called hyphae that can fragment, found in the mouth and throats of humans and animals
Actinomyces
causes actinomycosis, a tissue destroying disease usually affecting the head, neck, and lungs
Actinomyces israelii
structure of the cell wall resembles mycobacteria, aerobic and common in soil
Nocardia
cause a chronic, difficult-to-treat pulmonary infection
Nocardia asteroides
include halophiles, thermophiles, and acidophiles, there no known pathogenic archaea
Extremophiles
thrive in salt concentrations of more than 25 %
Halophiles
some of which may even require such salt concentration in order to grow
Halobacterium
Optimal growth is 80 degrees or higher
Thermophilic
pH values below 0
Acidophilic
optimal pH is about 2 and optimal temp is more than 70 degrees
Sulfolobus
oxidize ammonia for energy
Nitrifying archaea
strictly anaerobic archaea that produce methane as an end-product by combining hydrogen with carbon dioxide, sewage treatment
Methanogens
can be used to uncover the presence of bacteria that can’t be cultured in the laboratory
Polymerase Chain Reaction
