IV-A: Classification Flashcards
gave rise to mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
Endosymbiotic prokaryotes
established by
Carolus Linnaeus
Hierarchal system of Classification
A level of grouping
taxon
A group of closely related organisms that
breed among themselves
Eukaryotic species
a population of closely
related interbreeding individuals
Species
group of
genetically related species
Genus/ Genera
genera with similar traits
Family
families with common
characteristics
Orders
orders with similar
characteristics
Classes
related classes
Division/ phylum
related phyla
Kingdom
A population
of cells with similar characteristics
Prokaryotic species
standard reference
on bacterial classification.
bacteriology
Grown in laboratory
media
culture
Population of cells derived
from a single cell
CLONE
A group of bacteria derived
from a single cell
Strain
A catchall kingdom for
eukaryotic organisms that do not
fit other kingdoms
protist
Chemoheterotrophic;
unicellular or multicellular; cell
walls of chitin; develop from
spores or hyphal fragments
fungi
Multicellular; no cell
walls; chemoheterotrophic
animalia
Multicellular; cellulose
cell walls; usually
plantae
Population of viruses
with similar characteristics
occupying a particular ecological
niche.
viral species
Placing organisms in
groups of related species. Lists of
characteristics of known
organisms
Classification
Matching characteristics of an “unknown” to
lists of known organisms
Identification`
Provides
identification schemes
for identifying bacteria
and archaea
Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology
Provides phylogenetic
information on bacteria
and archaea
Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology
Useful for identifying eukaryotes
Morphological characteristics
Gram staining,
acid-fast staining
Differential staining
Determines
presence of bacterial enzymes
Biochemical tests
-manufactured for groups of
medically important bacteria, such
as the enterics
-perform several biochemical tests
simultaneously and can identify
bacteria within 4-24 hours
Numerical Rapid Identification
results of
each test are assigned a number
numerical identification
available for some medically
important bacteria and yeasts
Automated rapid identification
science that study blood serum
and immune response that are
evident in serum
useful in determining the identity
of strains and species, as well as
relationships among organisms
Serology
can
differentiate not only among
microbial species, but also among
strains within species
serological testing
Strains with different antigens
serotypes, serovars, or biovars
fast and can be
read by a computer scanner
AIDS testing to detect the presence
of antibodies against human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the
virus that causes AIDS
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
used to identify
antibodies in a patient’s serum.
Western blotting
Identification of bacterial species
and strains by determining their
susceptibility to various phages.
Phage typing
are bacterial viruses that usually cause
lysis of the bacterial cells they
infect. useful in tracing the origin
and course of a disease outbreak
Bacteriophages (phages)
Commercial systems have been
designed to separate cellular fatty
acids to compare them to fatty
acid profiles of known organisms.
Fatty Acid Profiles
is widely used in clinical and public
health laboratories
Fatty Acid Profiles
measures physical and chemical
characteristics of cells
used to identify bacteria in a
sample without culturing the
bacteria
Fluorescence can be used to detect
naturally fluorescent cells, such as
Pseudomonas, or cells tagged with
fluorescent dyes.
Flow cytometry
technique used in the lab to make
millions of copies of a particular
section of DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Number and sizes of DNA
fragments (fingerprints) produced
by RE digests are used to
determine genetic similarities.
DNA sequencing
DNA from two microorganisms is
treated with the same restriction
enzyme, and the restriction
fragments (RFLPs) produced are
separated by electrophoresis,
producing
DNA fingerprint
The sequence of bases in ribosomal RNA
can be used in the classification of
organisms
Ribotyping: rRNA sequencing
Single strands of DNA or RNA, from
related organisms will hydrogenbond to form a double-stranded
molecule
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization can be
used to identify unknown
microorganisms
Southern blotting
which can quickly detect a
pathogen in a host or the
environment by identifying a gene
that is unique to that pathogen
DNA Chip or Microarray
Fluorescent dye–labeled RNA or
DNA probes are used to stain
microorganisms in place, or in situ.
Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
used to amplify a small amount of
microbial DNA in a sample
The presence or identification of
an organism is indicated by
amplified DNA.
Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAATs)
Identification is based on
successive questions, and each
question has two possible answers.
Dichotomous Key
is a depiction of
patterns of shared characteristics
among taxa
Cladogram
defined as a group of species that
includes an ancestral species and
all its descendants
Clade within a cladogram
is the study of
resemblances among clades
Cladistics
group is made up of an ancestral
species (species B in this case) and
all of its descendant species.
Monophyletic
consists of an ancestor (A in this
case) and some, but not all, of that
ancetor’s descendants. (Grouping
2 includes the descendants I, J, and
K, but excludes B-H which also
descended from A).
Paraphyletic
of (A) the
species in the group. Furthermore,
a valid taxon that includes the
extant species G, H, J, and K would
necessarily also contain D and E,
which are also descended from A.
Polyphyletic
maps that show evolutionary
relationships among organisms
(clado- means branch)
Cladogram
