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Microbiology Ni Ma'am K > IV-A: Classification > Flashcards

IV-A: Classification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gave rise to mitochondria and
chloroplasts.

A

Endosymbiotic prokaryotes

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2
Q

established by
Carolus Linnaeus

A

Hierarchal system of Classification

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3
Q

A level of grouping

A

taxon

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4
Q

A group of closely related organisms that
breed among themselves

A

Eukaryotic species

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5
Q

a population of closely
related interbreeding individuals

A

Species

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6
Q

group of
genetically related species

A

Genus/ Genera

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7
Q

genera with similar traits

A

Family

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8
Q

families with common
characteristics

A

Orders

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9
Q

orders with similar
characteristics

A

Classes

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10
Q

related classes

A

Division/ phylum

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11
Q

related phyla

A

Kingdom

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12
Q

A population
of cells with similar characteristics

A

Prokaryotic species

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13
Q

standard reference
on bacterial classification.

A

bacteriology

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14
Q

Grown in laboratory
media

A

culture

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15
Q

Population of cells derived
from a single cell

A

CLONE

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16
Q

A group of bacteria derived
from a single cell

A

Strain

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17
Q

A catchall kingdom for
eukaryotic organisms that do not
fit other kingdoms

A

protist

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18
Q

Chemoheterotrophic;
unicellular or multicellular; cell
walls of chitin; develop from
spores or hyphal fragments

A

fungi

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19
Q

Multicellular; no cell
walls; chemoheterotrophic

A

animalia

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20
Q

Multicellular; cellulose
cell walls; usually

A

plantae

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21
Q

Population of viruses
with similar characteristics
occupying a particular ecological
niche.

A

viral species

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22
Q

Placing organisms in
groups of related species. Lists of
characteristics of known
organisms

A

Classification

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23
Q

Matching characteristics of an “unknown” to
lists of known organisms

A

Identification`

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24
Q

Provides
identification schemes
for identifying bacteria
and archaea

A

Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology

25
Q

Provides phylogenetic
information on bacteria
and archaea

A

Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology

26
Q

Useful for identifying eukaryotes

A

Morphological characteristics

27
Q

Gram staining,
acid-fast staining

A

Differential staining

28
Q

Determines
presence of bacterial enzymes

A

Biochemical tests

29
Q

-manufactured for groups of
medically important bacteria, such
as the enterics
-perform several biochemical tests
simultaneously and can identify
bacteria within 4-24 hours

A

Numerical Rapid Identification

30
Q

results of
each test are assigned a number

A

numerical identification

31
Q

available for some medically
important bacteria and yeasts

A

Automated rapid identification

32
Q

science that study blood serum
and immune response that are
evident in serum
useful in determining the identity
of strains and species, as well as
relationships among organisms

A

Serology

33
Q

can
differentiate not only among
microbial species, but also among
strains within species

A

serological testing

34
Q

Strains with different antigens

A

serotypes, serovars, or biovars

35
Q

fast and can be
read by a computer scanner
 AIDS testing to detect the presence
of antibodies against human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the
virus that causes AIDS

A

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

36
Q

used to identify
antibodies in a patient’s serum.

A

Western blotting

37
Q

Identification of bacterial species
and strains by determining their
susceptibility to various phages.

A

Phage typing

38
Q

are bacterial viruses that usually cause
lysis of the bacterial cells they
infect. useful in tracing the origin
and course of a disease outbreak

A

Bacteriophages (phages)

39
Q

Commercial systems have been
designed to separate cellular fatty
acids to compare them to fatty
acid profiles of known organisms.

A

Fatty Acid Profiles

40
Q

is widely used in clinical and public
health laboratories

A

Fatty Acid Profiles

41
Q

measures physical and chemical
characteristics of cells
 used to identify bacteria in a
sample without culturing the
bacteria
 Fluorescence can be used to detect
naturally fluorescent cells, such as
Pseudomonas, or cells tagged with
fluorescent dyes.

A

Flow cytometry

42
Q

technique used in the lab to make
millions of copies of a particular
section of DNA

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

43
Q

Number and sizes of DNA
fragments (fingerprints) produced
by RE digests are used to
determine genetic similarities.

A

DNA sequencing

44
Q

DNA from two microorganisms is
treated with the same restriction
enzyme, and the restriction
fragments (RFLPs) produced are
separated by electrophoresis,
producing

A

DNA fingerprint

45
Q

The sequence of bases in ribosomal RNA
can be used in the classification of
organisms

A

Ribotyping: rRNA sequencing

46
Q

Single strands of DNA or RNA, from
related organisms will hydrogenbond to form a double-stranded
molecule

A

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

47
Q

Nucleic acid hybridization can be
used to identify unknown
microorganisms

A

Southern blotting

48
Q

which can quickly detect a
pathogen in a host or the
environment by identifying a gene
that is unique to that pathogen

A

DNA Chip or Microarray

49
Q

Fluorescent dye–labeled RNA or
DNA probes are used to stain
microorganisms in place, or in situ.

A

Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)

50
Q

used to amplify a small amount of
microbial DNA in a sample
 The presence or identification of
an organism is indicated by
amplified DNA.

A

Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAATs)

51
Q

Identification is based on
successive questions, and each
question has two possible answers.

A

Dichotomous Key

52
Q

is a depiction of
patterns of shared characteristics
among taxa

A

Cladogram

53
Q

defined as a group of species that
includes an ancestral species and
all its descendants

A

Clade within a cladogram

54
Q

is the study of
resemblances among clades

A

Cladistics

55
Q

group is made up of an ancestral
species (species B in this case) and
all of its descendant species.

A

Monophyletic

56
Q

consists of an ancestor (A in this
case) and some, but not all, of that
ancetor’s descendants. (Grouping
2 includes the descendants I, J, and
K, but excludes B-H which also
descended from A).

A

Paraphyletic

57
Q

of (A) the
species in the group. Furthermore,
a valid taxon that includes the
extant species G, H, J, and K would
necessarily also contain D and E,
which are also descended from A.

A

Polyphyletic

58
Q

maps that show evolutionary
relationships among organisms
(clado- means branch)

A

Cladogram

Microbiology Ni Ma'am K (3 decks)

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