ITE 076 Flashcards
The piece of code/program or set of instructions to execute a specific task is called _______.
Software
are designed to manage the systems and their activities
System Software
allows the user to interact with the computational system or system software
Application Software
is a system software which acts as intermediary between the hardware and user
Operating System
is a system software which Manages the system resources in an unbiased fashion between the hardware and software.
Operating System
is a system software which provides a platform on which other application programs are installed
Operating System
The _____ acts as interface between the user and the hardware (CPU, RAM, Hard drive etc.)
Operating System
Abstract of View of Computer System
Tier 0: were we have a computer hardware
Tier 1: Operating System
Tier 2: System and Application Programs, Device Drivers
Tier 3: User
The ______ is the core component of the OS which helps the user interact with the hardware
Kernel
If an application software want to access any hardware. Then it will request to kernel that request is called ______.
System call
The smallest entity a computer can process is called ______.
Bit
Eight bits = ______
1 Bytes
Number of bits a CPU processes simultaneously.
Word
Smallest storage device which stores the data in bits
Registers
6 Main Functions of a General-
Process Management
Memory Management
I/O Device Management
File System Management
Network Management
Security Management
is essentially a program in execution. It’s a dynamic entity with its own resources and program counter indicating the next instruction to be executed
Process
is a core function of any operating system. It’s responsible for the efficient and controlled execution of programs (processes) on computer system.
Process Management
Types processes in a computer
Based on CPU Utilization
Based on Relationship Between Processes
Based on Threading Model
Based on Process Creation
Based on System Interaction
Based on Process Priority
These processes spend most of their time performing computations and require significant CPU resources.
CPU-bound processes
These processes spend most of their time waiting for I/O operations to complete, such as reading from or writing to disks, network communication, or user input/output.
I/O-bound processes
Processes that do not share data or resources and do not affect each other’s execution.
Independent Processes
Processes that share data or resources and influence each other’s behavior.
Cooperating processes
Have a simple thread of control and can execute only one instruction at a time.
Single-threaded processes
Have multiple threads of execution, allowing them to perform multiple tasks concurrently within the same process
Multi-threaded processes
Created by an existing process (parent process) through system calls like fork() or spawn(). They share some resources with the parent but have their own address space.
Child processes
Child processes whose parent process terminates before them. The operating system usually adopts them as its child.
Orphan Processes
Interact directly with the user and require immediate response.
Foreground processes
Run independently of user interaction and often perform tasks like system maintenance, printing, or network services
Background processes
Require strict deadlines and have high priority to ensure timely execution
Real-time processes
Do not have strict deadlines and can tolerate delays.
Non-real-time processes
a crucial function of an operating system that handles the allocation and deallocation of primary memory (RAM) among various processes
Memory Management
Maximizes the use of available memory by allocating it to processes as needed.
Efficient Utilization
prevents processes from accessing memory regions allocated to others, ensuring data integrity and system stability
Protection
Provides a simplified view of memory to processes, allowing developers to focus on their tasks without worrying about physical memory details
Abstraction
Enables multiple processes to share memory regions when necessary, improving resource utilization
Sharing
Dividing memory into smaller units for allocation to processes
Memory Partitioning
Temporarily moving processes from main memory to secondary storage (disk) when memory is full and bringing them back when needed
Swapping
creating illusion of larger memory space by using disk storage as an extension of main memory
Virtual Memory
Dividing both physical and virtual memory into fixed-size blocks (pages and frames) for efficient management
Paging
administration approach used in operating systems that divides memory into multiple-sized segments
Segmentation
is an operating system which first came out in 1981 and was designed to run on PC compatible computers
MS-DOS(Microsoft Disk Operating System)
when windows xp invent and last support
2001, 2014
when windows vista invent and last support
2006, 2012 or 2017
when windows 7 invent and last support
2009, 2015 or 2020
when windows 8 invent and last support
2012, 2023
when windows 10 invent and last support
2015, 2025
when windows 11 invent and last support
2021
this is the new AI assistant that anticipates yours needs and helps you take action.
Copilot
windows 11 uses AI to improve search functionality
smarter search
enables the ability to semantically search for anything you’ve ever done on your computer using natural language
recall
in 1969 a team of developers of Bell Labs started a project to make a common software for all the computers and named it as ______
Unix
in 1983 ________ developed GNU project with goal to make it free
Richard Stallman
is an extensive collection of free software, which can be used as an operating system or can be used in parts with other operating systems
GNU
Invented linux and when
Linus Torvalds, 1991
the name of linux after become linux
Freax
