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Italy - Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Orlando argue Italy should be given at the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles in 1919?

A
  • The land promised in the Treaty of London
  • The Port of Fiume
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2
Q

What did Britain, France and America think about Italy’s land claims?

A

Italy had not contributed enough to the war to warrant this amount of land

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3
Q

What was Orlando forced to do in June 1919?

A

Resign

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4
Q

Who took over from Orlando and what were they known as?

A

Nitti, Cogoia

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5
Q

What happened on the 12th, September 1919?

A

Gabriele D’ Annuzzio took control of Fiume

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6
Q

How long did it take for the government to act to the occupation of Fiume and why?

A
  • 15 months
  • Government was scared of Annuzzio’s popularity
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7
Q

By November 1919, how many people were unemployed in Italy?

A

2 million

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8
Q

In the 1919 election, how many votes and seats did Mussolini receive?

A

5000 votes and no seats

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9
Q

What was paraded through the streets of Milan after the 1919 election and WHY?

A
  • A coffin
  • Symbolize Mussolini’s political career
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10
Q

What percentage did the PSI get in the 1919 election?

A

32%

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11
Q

Who were the Arditi?

A

Crack troop commanders who had been formed in WW1

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12
Q

What did the Arditi do in April 1919?

A

Attack Avanti offices

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13
Q

Who was Gabrielle D’ Annuzzio?

A

Italy’s most famous poet, nationalist

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14
Q

What was the situation at Fiume?

A

Cause: Treaty of Versailles

Events: D’Annuzzio and 5000 men took control

Consequences: Gov did not act for 15 months, showed Mussolini how violence can be used to take over government

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15
Q

What was the period between 1919-1920 when socialist and communist organisations were at their peak, also known as ‘two red years’?

A

Biennio Rosso

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16
Q

What was the new system of voting that the government changed to in 1919?

A

Proportional Representation

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17
Q

When was the PPI formed and what ideology did they follow?

A
  • 1919
  • The Catholic Church
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18
Q

Following the 1919 election, which political party had the greatest share of votes?

A

The PSI

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19
Q

State 2 points of the Fasci de Combattimento’s programme set out in June 1919

A

To destroy the Liberal order and create trincerocrazia (8 hour working day)

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20
Q

What were the small military units or squads known as?

A

Squadrismo and Squadristi

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21
Q

How had the fascists done in the 1919 election?

A

poorly - no seats

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22
Q

When was the ‘New Programme’ adopted by the fascists?

23
Q

What were three new policies from the ‘New Programme’?

A
  1. compulsory military service
  2. more pro-business
  3. keep the monarchy
24
Q

In October 1921 the movement was organised into an official what?

A

Party - PNF

25
How many members did the PNF have by the end of 1921?
200,000 members
26
What three groups supported the PNF by the end of 1921?
1. Urban middle-class 2. White collar workers 3. Small business owners
27
How did the fascists use violence during the general election in May 1921?
- Attack socialist campaigns - Lent vehicles etc. by police and army
28
What happened to the PSI in January 1921?
Split to form the PSI and the PCI
29
When did squadristi begin the March on Rome?
27th October 1922
30
When does King Victor Emmanuel III agree for martial law and what does he do after?
- 28th October 1922, at 2am - 9am same day the King retracts martial law
31
When was Mussolini sworn in as Prime Minister?
30th October 1922
32
Despite Mussolini being PM of Italy, how many fascist deputies were there in parliament?
35 fascist deputies = PSI was still in majority
33
Name two positions within parliament that Mussolini gave himself?
1. Foreign minister 2. Minister for the interior
34
Give two ways in which Mussolini increased his support from the Catholic Church?
1. Increased Clerical pay 2. Reinstated crucifixes in schools
35
What happened in February 1923 which strengthened the position of the PNF?
ANI absorbed
36
1. What did Mussolini say to his deputies in his speech on 16th November 1922? 2. What did this mean Mussolini could do?
1. He required a years' worth of emergency powers in order to carry out reforms Italy needed 2. He could not be removed from parliament and had full power to govern without parliamentary approval
37
What did Mussolini create in December 1922 to rival the cabinet in Italy?
The Fascist Grand Council
38
What was the MSVN? and when was it created?
Created January 1923 - absorbed the squads. They supported the army + police in defending a 'fascist revolution'
39
1. How many members were in the MSVN? 2. Who was their commander in chief?
1. 300,000 men 2. Mussolini
40
Where was most of the PNF's support coming from?
The middle-classes
41
What was the problem with proportional representation for the PNF?
They were concerned they would not receive majority votes
42
What was the law introduced to overcome proportional representation in 1924?
The Acerbo Law
43
Under the Acerbo Law, what % of the vote did a party need to gain 2/3rds of parliamentary seats?
25% or more
44
Mussolini called an election on the 6th April 1924, how did the fascists gain votes?
- Violence and intimidation by blackshirts - Destroyed opposition - Murdered PSI candidate Antonio Piccinni
45
What percentage of the vote did the PNF win in the 1924 elections?
66.3%
46
What were three reasons for the PNF's victory in the 1924 elections?
1. Violence 2. Weakness of opposition 3. Belief in Mussolini's leadership
47
Who was Giacomo Matteotti? What did he do to anger Mussolini?
Leader of PCI. Gave speech saying Mussolini gained votes only through violence
48
What happened to Matteotti and when?
Kidnapped 10th June 1924, murdered, body found 16th August
49
Who was Dumini? What was the impact of this on Mussolini and the Fascists?
Head of fascist terror squad. Strong belief of Mussolini or PNF involvement
50
What did Mussolini declare on 3rd January 1925?
Announced the start of a fascist dictatorship
51
What was the Palazzo Vidoni Pact?
Established official fascist unions as the only representatives of Italy's workers
52
Who was Tito Zaniboni and what did he try to do?
Leader of the PSU (Partito Socialista Unitario) and allegedly plotted to assassinate Mussolini
53
In January 1926 what was Mussolini granted the ability to do?
Rule by decree
54
How many anti-fascists fled Italy after Mussolini's constitutional ammendments?
10,000 anti-fascists

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