1. By 1902, how many industrial workers had joined socialist national federations? 2. How many Italians joined socialist agricultural cooperatives by 1910?

1. 250,000 industrial workers 2. 218,000 Italians

Italy - Unit 1 Flashcards by Adam Dickinson

When did Giolitti become prime minister for the fourth time?

1911

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What were Giolitti’s key goals for a unified liberal Italy?

Make Italy into a:

Modern
Industrialised
Successful country

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Who were the key oppositional forces to liberal Italy?

Socialists
Catholic Church
Nationalists

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In the 1900 general election, how many votes, seats and deputies did the PSI win?

216,000 votes, 508 seats, 32 deputies

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What fraction of all votes cast did the PSI have in 1913?

How many deputies did it have at this time?

Nearly 1/4
79 deputies

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Who did Mussolini support in his early political career?

Socialists

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What newspaper did Mussolini write for in his early political career?

Avanti!

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What type of political system does Italy have after 1861?

Constitutional Monarchy

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When was the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) founded?

1892

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Which crucial part of Italy was not willing to grant legitimacy to the liberal state, because of the Roman Question?

Catholic Church

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What was campanilismo?

Feeling of pride and belonging to your place of birth, much stronger than national identity.

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What percentage of people living in Italy did not speak Italian as their first language in recently united Italy?

99%

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How many times was there a change in PM in the years 1870-1922?

29 times

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What is ‘transformismo’?

Political bribery and absorbing of other political parties

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Who led the PSI during the Giolittian Era?

Filippo Turati

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What does ‘risorgimento’ mean?

The unification of Italy

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By 1902, how many industrial workers had joined socialist national federations?
How many Italians joined socialist agricultural cooperatives by 1910?

250,000 industrial workers
218,000 Italians

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What were the concessions Giolitti made to the socialists?

Compulsory accident insurance in industry paid by the employer.

-Non-compulsory national insurance fund for health + old age.

Banning employment of children under 12 (1901)
Limiting working day for women to 11 hrs (1902)
Introduction of maternity fund (1910)
State-subsidised sickness and old age fund for merchant navy (1913)
Non intervention in labour disputes and establishment of arbitration courts that would settle pay disputes. (1906)

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What did Giolitti pronounce about the Church and the state?

They were ‘two parallel lines, which should never meet’

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What was one concession Giolitti made to the Catholic Church?

Removed the divorce bill from passing through parliament

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When was the nationalist party (ANI) formed?

1910

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What is the key word for the unclaimed land, which nationalists believed was necessary for Italy to step forwards being a ‘great power’?

Irredenta Lands

Which empire inhabited Italy’s ability to reclaim the Irredenta Lands?

Austria-Hungary

When was the Battle of Adwa and in which country?
Why was this battle so humiliating for the liberal state?

1896, Abyssinia
7000 Italians killed, 1500 wounded and 3000 taken prisoner.

What were 3 reasons why Giolitti decided to invade Libya?

1. Risorgimento 2. Pressure from nationalists 3. Popularity of nationalism could undermine liberals

On what date did Italy invade Libya?

29th, September 1911

How many troops did Italy Invade Libya with in 1911?

70,000

What happened on the 18th, October 1912?

Ottoman's surrendered Libya to Italy

1. How many men did Italy keep in Libya? 2. Why did they have to do this?

1. 50,000 men 2. Pacify Arab population

How many Italians died during the war in Libya?

3,500

1. Who took credit for the Libyan war? 2. How did this damage the liberal government?

1. The ANI 2. Blamed the liberal weaknesses and lack of patriotism for why the army lost so many men

1. Who was suffrage expanded to in 1912? 2. How did this create concern?

1. All men who had completed military service, all men over 30 2. 70% of Italy's voters were now illiterate

1. How many seats did liberals win under the new suffrage in 1913? 2. how many seats had they lost since the 1909 election?

1. 318 seats 2. loss of 71 seats

1. What was the Genitloni Pact? 2. What was the consequence of it?

1. Count Genitloni asking liberal candidates secretly for 7 concessions in return for the Catholic vote 2. Giolitti claimed he knew nothing about it. Concessions angered socialists + anticlerical liberals who withdrew support from government. Giolitti resigned.

Who was Giolitti replaced by?

Antonio Salandra

1. When was 'Red Week'? 2. What happened?

1. June 1914 2. PSI national strike which ended in turmoil

1. In which year did Italy join the Triple Alliance? 2. Which countries were in it?

1. 1882 2. Germany and Austria Hungary

Why did Italy not have to join Austria when they invaded Serbia?

Austria did not tell Italy they were going to invade Serbia

What was Giolitti's opinion whether Italy should enter the war?

Believed Italy was not economically ready for war

What was Salandra's opinion whether Italy should enter the war and why?

1. Concerned that if Italy did not join the war and if Germany + AH won, they would not be sympathetic to any ally who did not join the war 2. He argued Italy should go to war

On which day did Italy sign the Treaty of London?

26th, April 1915

What did Italy agree to under the Treaty of London?

To join Britain, France and Russia under the Triple Entente

How many deputies announced their opposition to Salandra's decision to sign the Treaty of London?

300 deputies

1. Why did Salandra resign? 2. Who did the king want to replace him with?

1. Due to opposition to the Treaty of London 2. The King wanted Giolitti to replace him

On which day was Salandra reinstated as PM?

16th, May 1915

On which day did Italy formally declare war on Austria?

25th May 1915

What was Trincerocrazia?

The feeling of being linked to the trenches (WW1)

Under Luigi Cardona, how many military tribunals passed death sentences from 1914-1917?

4,000

Why was the Italian army defeated at Caporetto?

Low morale, Poor leadership, Divisions in the army, Language barrier

At the end of WW1, how much debt was Italy in?

23 billion lire

How many soldiers were court-martialled during the war for desertion?

290,000 Italian soldiers

1. How many Italian soldiers were captured in WW1+ how many calories did they have to survive on a day? 2. How many captured Italian prisoners of war died due to hunger-related illnesses?

1. 600,00 Italian soldiers, 1,000 calories a day 2. 100,000

How many casualties did Italy suffer during WW1?

650,000