Italy Booklet 1 - challenges to the restored order and failure of revolution (1830-49)

Question 1

Who ruled over Piedmont- Sardinia? (1815)

Answer 1

House of Savoy

Question 2

What made up the central duchies?

Answer 2

Tuscany, Modena, Parma

Question 3

Who ruled over Lombardy? (1815)

Answer 3

Representatives of the Austrian Empire

Question 4

Who ruled over the Central Duchies? (1815)

Answer 4

House of Lorraine
(related to Austrian Habsburgs- under heavy influence of Austria)

Question 5

Who ruled over Venetia? (1815)

Answer 5

ruled by constitution - local aristocracy- heavy Austrian influence

Question 6

Who ruled over the Papal Sates? (1815)

Answer 6

The pope

Question 7

Who ruled over The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples)? (1815)

Answer 7

The Bourbons

Question 8

What is the Restored Order?

Answer 8

The return of the states to how they were before 1796 - changed back after Napoleon was removed from Italy

Question 9

Which states were Reactionary?

Answer 9

Piedmont- Sardinia, Lombardy / Venetia, (The Central Duchies) - Modena, Papal States, The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Question 10

Which states were Progressive?

Answer 10

(The Central Duchies) - Parma, Tuscany

Question 11

How many Italian soldiers did France take to Russia to fight? How many returned?

Answer 11

Took 27,000
Only 1,000 returned

Question 12

What was the treaty which reasserted Austrian control over Italy?

Answer 12

Treaty / Congress of Vienna

Question 13

What % of Italian people were Catholic?

Answer 13

90%

Question 14

Why could the Church hinder unification?

Answer 14

The pope and church were reactionary and could spread messages to other states of non- nationalistic views - everyone will listen to the church (upper-class, middle-class and even peasants in the south)

Question 15

How many members did the Carbonari have in Naples?

Answer 15

60,000 (about 5% of the adult male population)

Question 16

What states was the Carbonari active in?

Answer 16

Mainly south- Naples, Papal States and Piedmont

Question 17

What were the strengths of the secret societies?

Answer 17

-They had pockets of people who believed in nationalism in different states.
-They had middle-class educated people.

Question 18

What were the weaknesses of the secret societies?

Answer 18

-There weren’t many of them in comparison to population.
-They didn’t have enough people, not strong enough numbers.
-They didn’t have people that could fight.
-Some not fully committed.

Question 19

What was the name of the Austrian chancellor who would not allow any form of Italian nationalism? And what did he say?

Answer 19

Metternich
said “Italian affairs do not exist”

Question 20

Who made up the revolutionaries in Modena and Parma in 1830 and what did they revolt for?

Answer 20

-Middle-class, students
-looking for a constitution and freedom from Austria.

Question 21

Why did the 1830 revolts in Parma and Modena fail?

Answer 21

Crushed by Austrian strength and revolutionary weakness

Question 22

As late as 1971 how many people spoke Italian?

Answer 22

630,000 out of 27 million

Question 23

What was the main reason for revolt in the Papal Sates? (1830-32)

Answer 23

Anti Papal rule

Question 24

What was the Risorgimento?

Answer 24

An ideological and literary movement that helped to grow the national consciousness of the Italian people

Question 25

List three of Mazzini's successes in challenging the restored order.

Answer 25

-He wrote thousands of articles that were smuggled into Italy- made Italian nationalism more talked about. -He converted many into the cause (e.g. Garibaldi). -He created 'Young Italy' - kept the hope for unification alive.

Question 26

List three of Mazzini's failures to challenge the restored order.

Answer 26

-Moderate liberals looked upon him as a dangerous radical and highlighted Italian divides. -His attitude would stop Italy getting support from France. -He was absent from Italy for long periods (40 years in total).

Question 27

What did Balbo want for Italy?

Answer 27

He wanted Piedmont and Charles Albert to lead other Italian states against Austria. He also wanted a constitutional monarch.

Question 28

What year was Pius IX elected pope?

Answer 28

1846

Question 29

What did the Statuto offer to those in Piedmont?

Answer 29

-right for free press. -all citizens were equal before the law. -limited rights of assembly.

Question 30

What were some examples of Pius IX 's progressive actions?

Answer 30

-had a council of lay advisers (non-religious advisers) -entered a customs union with Tuscany and Piedmont, which promoted free trade - economical unification.

Question 31

What did the pope do to oppose the Austrians? (1848)

Answer 31

He denied their right to cross the Papal States and asked the Lord to bless 'Italia'.

Question 32

Why did people in the south revolt in 1848?

Answer 32

-hunger politics -harvest failures in 1846 & 47. -this lead to high food prices and riots in towns. -living conditions.

Question 33

What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

Answer 33

24

Question 34

How many deaths from an outbreak of cholera in Sicily in 1836? Who did they blame for this?

Answer 34

-65,000 -they blamed their rulers in Naples - (causes for 1848 revolutions)

Question 35

What were neo-guelphs and who supported it?

Answer 35

-supporters of the pope. -people who did not like revolution and had no mention of dislike of Austrian rule. -Thought the pope should lead Italy.

Question 36

What was the name of the anti Austrian / anti papal book written by Azeglio? What year was it written?

Answer 36

'On Recent Events in Romagna' 1846

Question 37

What battles did Charles Albert lose against Austria? What dates?

Answer 37

-Battle of Custozza (July 1848) - in Lombardy. -Battle of Novara (March 1849)

Question 38

What is Social Imperialism?

Answer 38

Take country into a short victorious war to gain popularity. (e.g. Louis Napoleon taking military to defeat Rome Republic to help the pope as most people in France were Catholic)

Question 39

How much did Piedmont have to pay to France for reparations?

Answer 39

65 million French francs.

Question 40

How many French troops amassed outside of Rome to try and reclaim it for the pope? (1849)

Answer 40

20,000

Question 41

How is Rome taken over successfully? (November 1848)

Answer 41

-Count Rossi is murdered by a mob. -Pope flees and goes to Gaeta in Naples. -A revolutionary government is set up under the leadership of Giuseppe Galletti - set up Costituente to decide the future of Rome and Italy.

Question 42

The richest Italian state in 1815?

Answer 42

Lombardy

Question 43

The state closest to Austria?

Answer 43

Venetia

Question 44

Name of the Austrian royal family?

Answer 44

Habsburgs

Question 45

What was the capital of Lombardy?

Answer 45

Milan

Question 46

The port in Piedmont which was good for trade?

Answer 46

Genoa

Question 47

The state ruled by a viceroy from Naples?

Answer 47

Sicily

Question 48

The King of Naples under Napoleon?

Answer 48

Joseph

Question 49

What was the capital city of Sicily?

Answer 49

Palermo

Question 50

Which part of Italy did the Lorraines rule?

Answer 50

Central Duchies

Question 51

When did the Venetian constitution date from?

Answer 51

The Renaissance

Question 52

A fashion in Piedmont that could get you shot as a rebel

Answer 52

Long hair and beards

Question 53

What % of Austrian tax revenue was provided by Lombardy and Venetia in 1830?

Answer 53

25%

Question 54

In Lombardy and Venetia what jobs had to be held by Austrians?

Answer 54

Judges, civil servants, police, army officers

Question 55

Which state was run by Duke Francis IV?

Answer 55

Modena

Question 56

What state was run by Duchess Marie-Louise?

Answer 56

Parma

Question 57

What did Ferdinand III do to improve Tuscany's education and healthcare?

Answer 57

Improved education, reorganised the universities of Pisa and Siena and spent more on girls education and expanded health facilities

Question 58

What were the group of strict, hardliner popes known as?

Answer 58

Zealots

Question 59

Who were the strict Catholics who enforced church rules?

Answer 59

Jesuits

Question 60

Who was the leader of Naples from 1815?

Answer 60

Ferdinand I (Bourbon family)

Question 61

In what year did a series of revolts break out which forced Naples to grant a constitution?

Answer 61

1820

Question 62

How many customs points did the river Po have in 1830?

Answer 62

22

Question 63

What percentage of Italians spoke Italian in 1830?

Answer 63

2.5%

Question 64

Define: Reactionary rule

Answer 64

When a ruler uses oppression to oppose change.

Question 65

Define: Revolutionary nationalism

Answer 65

The doctrine espoused by Mazzini and others for the creation of the nation state through revolution

Question 66

Define: Revolutionary liberalism

Answer 66

The doctrine promoting constitutional change through revolution

Question 67

Define: Temporal power

Answer 67

The political power of the papacy (as opposed to it's spiritual or religious authority)

Question 68

Define: Absolutist state

Answer 68

A state without any restriction on the power or authority of the ruler

Question 69

Define: Quadrilateral

Answer 69

The area dominated by the fortress towns of Legnago, Mantha, Verona and Perschiera

Question 70

Name 5 secret societies

Answer 70

1-Carbonari 2-Spillo negro latinisiber saglien 3-Freemasons 4-Federatic 5-Aldelfi

Question 71

Who were the Great Powers?

Answer 71

France, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain