Italy 1861-96 - b5 & 6

Question 1

What were the main issues facing Italy in the 1860s?

Answer 1

• economically unstable - North in major debt & economic divide between N & S
• cath. church hostile to the new state
• civil war broke out in the South

Question 4

The syllabus of errors 1864

Answer 4

• direct crit. of liberalism
• attack religious toleration, freedom of expression & ‘isms’ e.g socialism
  8- All human reason is placed on a level with religion.
  19- Church is the top power.
  20- Cannot exercise authority without govt permission.
  24- Church cannot use force.
  73- Civil contract may exist between christians nd a real marriage.
  80- Roman Pontiff ought to reconcile himself and come to terms with progress.

Question 5

What was the Pope’s position on Italian Unification? & how did he cause further divides?

Answer 5

believed it was his role to vehemently condemn IU
- refused to acknowledge unification = large numbers esp. of peasantry more likely to remain loyal to the Pope & the Papal states than to a unified Italy

Question 6

Pope Pius IX impact on Italian Unification

Answer 6

• allocution
• introduced liberal reforms
• some inclined to

Question 7

When was the Battle of Adwa and what did it display about Italy?

Answer 7

1896 - Italian army defeated by African farmers, underlining the complete weakness of their military force
This halted/prevented Italy from pursuing its FP aim of colonial expansion, proving that it wasn’t able to effectively contend with nations like Austria

Answer 8

• alienation of the south
• Piedmontisation - economic policies of Latifundia removed agricultural land

Question 15

KOI effectively coped w/ problems 1861-96

Answer 15

Public health improvements.
Protective barriers for farmers.
Sucessor helped pave the way for industrial success.
Tariff increase of 1887 provided protection

Question 16

KOI failed to effectively cope w/ problems 1861-96

Answer 16

Many people emigrated causing a societal imbalance.
South expolited by landowners.
areas in the south were agricultural.
industry failed to modernise.
Southern economy stagnated which increased the divides.
Govt failed to push for education.

Question 17

Pre-existing issues/Issues out of the KOI’s control

Answer 17

• religious divides/religion as a major opposition
• language - major language barriers still present as there was no 1 unifying language
• lack of raw materials i.e. coal - harder to industrialise

Question 18

How/why did the mafia begin to cause further issues for the Italian Govt?

Answer 18

the mafia took advantage of the civil unrest and were joined by many migrating peasants
- increased crime rates = greater tensions across Italy

Question 19

What did peasants begin to do?

Answer 19

began to migrate in search of work - mass migration became a major problem for italy
- many began to turn to crime

Question 20

Why was Pope Pius IX a problem for unification?

Answer 20

• refused to recognise the KOI
• encouraged Catholics to abstain from voting
• v. hostile towards the new state

Question 21

How can it be argued that the Govt. failed to effectively deal with the issue of the Pope?

Answer 21

law of guarantees acc meant that the Govt. weakened itself by making its strongest opposition even stronger as the Pope & catholic press could denounce KOI freely

Question 22

How can it be argued that the Govt. effectively dealt with the issue of the Pope?

Answer 22

‘71 Law pf Guarantees to regulate the Pope’s position - allowed own dip. rep. in the Vatican & an annual income of 3 mil lira

Question 23

What was the problem of the Mezzogiorno?

Answer 23

• South: exceptional levels of poverty & deep-seated violence could lead to possible insurrections
• large desire for political separation from the mainland - no desire to unite italy

Question 24

Evidence that the Govt. effectively dealt with the problem of the Mezzogiorno?

Answer 24

• introduced free trade
• high priority given to the right wing to sort budget deficit
• able to fund more development with the money saved

Question 25

Evidence that the Govt. ineffectively dealt with the problem of the mezzogiorno?

Answer 25

• ## The introduction of the Grain tax meant that the south was harder hit creating a worse economic environment

Question 26

How effective was govt. foreign policy?

Answer 26

• quite weak bc alliances like the Triple Alliance politically & economically weakened Italy
  Furthermore Italy continued to lose most if not all wars and battles, e.g. the Battle of Adwa

Question 27

What issues remained by the end of the period?

Question 29

transformismo

Question 30

Mezzogiorno