Italy 1861-96 - b5 & 6 Flashcards
- Piedmontisation 1861-70 - Further attempts at unification - Brigands War & Policies of new Italy - Impact of Prussia's wars against Austria & Fr. 1866-71 on Italy; degree of unity in 1871 - Soc. & Econ. problems & Relation s w/ Church - Mezzogiorno - Policies of Transformismo - Relations w/ other European powers & colonial expansion
What were the main issues facing Italy in the 1860s?
- economically unstable - North in major debt & economic divide between N & S
- cath. church hostile to the new state
- civil war broke out in the South
What was The syllabus of errors 1864
- direct crit. of liberalism
- attack religious toleration, freedom of expression & ‘isms’ e.g socialism
8- All human reason is placed on a level with religion.
19- Church is the top power.
20- Cannot exercise authority without govt permission.
24- Church cannot use force.
73- Civil contract may exist between christians nd a real marriage.
80- Roman Pontiff ought to reconcile himself and come to terms with progress.
What was the Pope’s position on Italian Unification? & how did he cause further divides?
believed it was his role to vehemently condemn IU
- refused to acknowledge unification = large numbers esp. of peasantry more likely to remain loyal to the Pope & the Papal states than to a unified Italy
Pope Pius IX impact on Italian Unification
- allocution
- introduced liberal reforms
- some inclined to
When was the Battle of Adwa and what did it display about Italy?
1896 - Italian army defeated by African farmers, underlining the complete weakness of their military force
This halted/prevented Italy from pursuing its FP aim of colonial expansion, proving that it wasn’t able to effectively contend with nations like Austria
- alienation of the south
- Piedmontisation - economic policies of Latifundia removed agricultural land
KOI effectively coped w/ problems 1861-96
Public health improvements.
Protective barriers for farmers.
Sucessor helped pave the way for industrial success.
Tariff increase of 1887 provided protection
KOI failed to effectively cope w/ problems 1861-96
Many people emigrated causing a societal imbalance.
South expolited by landowners.
areas in the south were agricultural.
industry failed to modernise.
Southern economy stagnated which increased the divides.
Govt failed to push for education.
Pre-existing issues/Issues out of the KOI’s control
- religious divides/religion as a major opposition
- language - major language barriers still present as there was no 1 unifying language
- lack of raw materials i.e. coal - harder to industrialise
How/why did the mafia begin to cause further issues for the Italian Govt?
the mafia took advantage of the civil unrest and were joined by many migrating peasants
- increased crime rates = greater tensions across Italy
What did peasants begin to do?
began to migrate in search of work - mass migration became a major problem for italy
- many began to turn to crime
Why was Pope Pius IX a problem for unification?
- refused to recognise the KOI
- encouraged Catholics to abstain from voting
- v. hostile towards the new state
How can it be argued that the Govt. failed to effectively deal with the issue of the Pope?
law of guarantees acc meant that the Govt. weakened itself by making its strongest opposition even stronger as the Pope & catholic press could denounce KOI freely
How can it be argued that the Govt. effectively dealt with the issue of the Pope?
‘71 Law pf Guarantees to regulate the Pope’s position - allowed own dip. rep. in the Vatican & an annual income of 3 mil lira
What was the problem of the Mezzogiorno?
- South: exceptional levels of poverty & deep-seated violence could lead to possible insurrections
- large desire for political separation from the mainland - no desire to unite italy
