Italy 1789 - 1847 - b1 & 2

Question 1

What were the Italian states of 1789?

Answer 1

• Duchies of Savoy, Tuscany & Milan
• Princedoms of Parma & Moderna
• Republics of Venetia, Genoa & Lucca - elite Govts
• Papal States - temporal rule
• Kingdoms of Sardinia Piedmont, Naples & Sicily

Answer 2

• Foreign domination - Aus., Sp. & Fr. since 15th century bc Italy highly divided
• Italy

Question 3

Reasons for divisions in Italy

Answer 3

• Elites = strong local identity
• no nat. language & many dialects
• different rulers: Republican govts., Princely, Royal & Temporal coexist - more loyal to own leaders

Question 4

Positive impacts of Fr. Rev. on Italian Nationalism

Answer 4

• Main values of revolution: ‘liberty, equality, fraternity’ - inspired liberal & Nat. movements - challenges idea of absolutist rule
• elites inspired to write own constitutions - 1st step in direction of nationalism

Question 5

Fr. Rev. didn’t impact Italy/IN

Answer 5

• 80% (maj.) of pop. illiterate - cant access rev. info until Napoleonic Invasion = little action taken by Italian Peasantry
• Uneven impacts - Southern states e.g Sicily never invaded unlike North - no shared experiences

Question 6

What changes did Napoleon bring to Italy?

Answer 6

• greatly reduced the power of the Church - by 1814 had closed down all monasteries and began to auction off church land
• introduced the Code Napoleon = equal rights
• each state given a 2 chamber representative govt
• increased taxes & military

Question 7

Positives of Napoleonic rule for IN

Answer 7

• Francophobia developed: Imposition of very heavy taxes to fund wars & conscription resulting in deaths of 10,000s of Italians - common enemy
• LT - experience of new govt. etc introduces new political ideas
• ST - abolition of Pope’s temporal powers & sale of church land - challenges ideas of absolutist rule

Question 8

Negatives of Napoleonic rule for IN

Answer 8

• Abolition of Pope’s temporal powers = short lived
• the changes to government were mostly experienced by the upper and middle classes
• motivation for revolutions wasn’t nationalistic fervour, public mostly wanted a return to order
• different areas experienced different levels/degrees of the Napoleonic regime, the public had different reactions and weren’t united by experience

Question 9

What were the Carbonari & their political views?

Answer 9

• largest secret society
• believed liberty could only be achieved w/ political change, either removal of the French or a revolution against restored monarchies

Question 10

What were the Adelfi & their political views?

Answer 10

• strongly anti-French
• led by experienced revolutionary & based in the North
• aimed to destroy Aus. rule to lead to a democratic republic

Question 11

What was Young Italy & its aims?

Answer 11

• formed in 1831 by Mazzini after prior secret society failures
• accompanied by a journal to spread ideas
• belief in democracy & will of the people
• to achieve ind. nation revolution necessary
• republican in view
• envisioned union of all Italian speaking provinces

Question 12

What were the failures of Young Italy?

Answer 12

• 1833 army coup halted before it began - 12 members executed by CA’s govt.
• 1834 attack on Piedmont & uprising in Genoa never started
  thus their actual attempts were a failure making the group a laughing stick but Mazzini’s ideas were an inspiration

Question 13

Who were the 4 main countries involved in the COV?

Answer 13

Britain, Russia, Prussia & Aus. - led by Metternich

Question 14

What was the Congress of Vienna & what was its impact on Italy?

Answer 14

• Peace conference in 1815
• redrawing Italy’s borders and the map of Europe to enable a ‘return to the status quo’. & prevent further French invasions
• piedmont became the only independent state & gains population
• control over other states handed over to Aus. = italian resentment

Question 15

What is a reactionary state?

Answer 15

Wanted to completely dismantle Napoleonic structures and return to things pre-1796.
Papal states, Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Piedmont.

Question 16

What is a conservative state?

Answer 16

Wanted a compromise between Napoleonic structures and pre-Napoleonic structures, a process called amalgamation.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy-Venetia and the Duchy of Parma.

Question 17

What happened to the Republican states of Italy after Napoleon?

Answer 17

• The republic states of Genoa, Lucca & Venetia weren’t reinstated

Question 18

3 main areas affected by the Revolutions of 1820-21

Answer 18

• Naples
• Sicily
• Piedmont

Question 19

What happened in Naples during 1820-21?

Answer 19

• mc aggravated by lack of free speech
• Carbonari & liberals inspired by the spartacist rev.
• widespread uprising

Pos:
- showed that revolution could be successful & power of Monarch & Pope not absolute
- New constitution established

Neg:
no nationalist sentiment present

Question 20

What happened in Sicily in 1820-21?

Answer 20

1815- Return of FI forced Sicily to re-join Naples.
- Agricultural prices fell sharply, widespread dissent. Riots broke out and FI forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy.

Neg: harsh punishments were enforced - deters future uprisings & rebellions

Question 21

What happened in Piedmont in 1820-21?

Answer 21

1815- VE I set out reactionary policies and reinstated the 1770 constitution.
Revolt broke out and the Carbonari grew in membership. - mutiny of the army in Turin forced him to abdicate and liberals looked to CA as the successor.

Pos:
- VEII abdicates - highlights that there are no absolute powers
- introduces ideas of unified Italy as called ‘KOI’

neg: few in numbers therefore limited influence

Question 22

What happened in the Papal states in 1831-32?

Answer 22

• Organised by the professional classes who resented the oppressive rule of the Church & met little resistance
• Prov. gov established in Bologna in Feb 1831 - not long lasting
• minor uprisings easily crushed by the Aus. troops
  Pos impact: Italian identity emerges due to govt name

Question 22

What happened in Modena in 1831-32

Answer 22

• Enrico Misley wanted to achieve a constitution for Modena but he was betrayed and jailed in 1831.
• Duke Francis IV visited Vienna and in his absence the revolutionaries took over and established a provisional govt.
  Pos impact: shows states can unite for common cause
  Neg impact: harsh punishments deter future rebels & strength of Aus. army intimidates

Question 23

What happened in Parma in 1831-32

Answer 23

• Student led organised riots demanding a constitution
• Contact made with Modena and a joint army was established.
  Pos impact: displays rulers aren’t absolute powers

Question 24

1820-21 revolutions sign. in dev. IN

Answer 24

• Piedmontese introduced rev. ideas to the rest of Italy i.e. proclaiming independence as the KOI establishing a unified national identity/1st to articulate key features of IN
• socio-economic conditions i.e poverty developed a common experience so unified in wanting to overthrow govt.
• Pope & Army demonstrate possibility for change bc the groups meant to be the most loyal to the king wanted to be rid of the ruler - ARMY KEY TO IN
• dominating presence of the Austrian govt. sowed the seeds of discontent, creating common enemy
• Presence & ideas of carbonari suggest change in IN ideas

Question 25

1820-21 revolutions less sign. in dev. IN

Answer 25

Piedmontese low in numbers meaning ideas had little influence on rest of the population
- naples & sicily = no nat. sentiment - sicily wants separatism and naples looks down on sicilians
- carbonari not widely supported, only 30 involved = lim. influence
- Austrians crushed the revolutions which deterred further attempts = they are too strong!!

Question 26

1831-32 revolutions significant in dev. IN

Answer 26

Mod. & Parma indicate that there is communication between revolutiuonaries
- Fr sent troops in support of the Pope indicating they are becoming frustrated w/ Austrian influence - key to kickstarting IN
-

Question 27

1831-32 revolutions less significant in dev. IN

Answer 27

• Rev. liberals didn’t want united Italy but a change in the inadequate govt
• oppressive treatment of revolutionaries esp. by CA deter further attempts
• Fr. support isn’t fully realised as declare policy of non-intervention & send troops in support of oppressors e.g. the Pope