Italy 1789 - 1847 - b1 & 2 Flashcards
- Impact of French Revolution & Napoleonic Italy - Impact of Congress Of Vienna - restored monarchs - Nationalism - Carbonari, revolutions of 1820-21 & 1831, Young Italy - Diff. attitudes to unification - extent of support for nationalism
What were the Italian states of 1789?
- Duchies of Savoy, Tuscany & Milan
- Princedoms of Parma & Moderna
- Republics of Venetia, Genoa & Lucca - elite Govts
- Papal States - temporal rule
- Kingdoms of Sardinia Piedmont, Naples & Sicily
- Foreign domination - Aus., Sp. & Fr. since 15th century bc Italy highly divided
- Italy
Reasons for divisions in Italy
- Elites = strong local identity
- no nat. language & many dialects
- different rulers: Republican govts., Princely, Royal & Temporal coexist - more loyal to own leaders
Positive impacts of Fr. Rev. on Italian Nationalism
- Main values of revolution: ‘liberty, equality, fraternity’ - inspired liberal & Nat. movements - challenges idea of absolutist rule
- elites inspired to write own constitutions - 1st step in direction of nationalism
Fr. Rev. didn’t impact Italy/IN
- 80% (maj.) of pop. illiterate - cant access rev. info until Napoleonic Invasion = little action taken by Italian Peasantry
- Uneven impacts - Southern states e.g Sicily never invaded unlike North - no shared experiences
What changes did Napoleon bring to Italy?
- greatly reduced the power of the Church - by 1814 had closed down all monasteries and began to auction off church land
- introduced the Code Napoleon = equal rights
- each state given a 2 chamber representative govt
- increased taxes & military
Positives of Napoleonic rule for IN
- Francophobia developed: Imposition of very heavy taxes to fund wars & conscription resulting in deaths of 10,000s of Italians - common enemy
- LT - experience of new govt. etc introduces new political ideas
- ST - abolition of Pope’s temporal powers & sale of church land - challenges ideas of absolutist rule
Negatives of Napoleonic rule for IN
- Abolition of Pope’s temporal powers = short lived
- the changes to government were mostly experienced by the upper and middle classes
- motivation for revolutions wasn’t nationalistic fervour, public mostly wanted a return to order
- different areas experienced different levels/degrees of the Napoleonic regime, the public had different reactions and weren’t united by experience
What were the Carbonari & their political views?
- largest secret society
- believed liberty could only be achieved w/ political change, either removal of the French or a revolution against restored monarchies
What were the Adelfi & their political views?
- strongly anti-French
- led by experienced revolutionary & based in the North
- aimed to destroy Aus. rule to lead to a democratic republic
What was Young Italy & its aims?
- formed in 1831 by Mazzini after prior secret society failures
- accompanied by a journal to spread ideas
- belief in democracy & will of the people
- to achieve ind. nation revolution necessary
- republican in view
- envisioned union of all Italian speaking provinces
What were the failures of Young Italy?
- 1833 army coup halted before it began - 12 members executed by CA’s govt.
- 1834 attack on Piedmont & uprising in Genoa never started
thus their actual attempts were a failure making the group a laughing stock bc they were wholly unable to produce any form of tangible siccessbut Mazzini’s ideas were an inspiration
Who were the 4 main countries involved in the COV?
Britain, Russia, Prussia & Aus. - led by Metternich
What was the Congress of Vienna & what was its impact on Italy?
- Peace conference in 1815
- redrawing Italy’s borders and the map of Europe to enable a ‘return to the status quo’. & prevent further French invasions
- piedmont became the only independent state & gains population
- control over other states handed over to Aus. = italian resentment
What is a reactionary state?
Wanted to completely dismantle Napoleonic structures and return to things pre-1796.
Papal states, Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Piedmont.
What is a conservative state?
Wanted a compromise between Napoleonic structures and pre-Napoleonic structures, a process called amalgamation.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy-Venetia and the Duchy of Parma.
What happened to the Republican states of Italy after Napoleon?
- The republic states of Genoa, Lucca & Venetia weren’t reinstated
3 main areas affected by the Revolutions of 1820-21
- Naples
- Sicily
- Piedmont
What happened in Naples during 1820-21?
- mc aggravated by lack of free speech
- Carbonari & liberals inspired by the spartacist rev.
- widespread uprising
Pos:
- showed that revolution could be successful & power of Monarch & Pope not absolute
- New constitution established
Neg:
no nationalist sentiment present
What happened in Sicily in 1820-21?
1815- Return of FI forced Sicily to re-join Naples.
- Agricultural prices fell sharply, widespread dissent. Riots broke out and FI forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy.
Neg: harsh punishments were enforced - deters future uprisings & rebellions
What happened in Piedmont in 1820-21?
1815- VE I set out reactionary policies and reinstated the 1770 constitution.
Revolt broke out and the Carbonari grew in membership. - mutiny of the army in Turin forced him to abdicate and liberals looked to CA as the successor.
Pos:
- VEII abdicates - highlights that there are no absolute powers
- introduces ideas of unified Italy as called ‘KOI’
neg: few in numbers therefore limited influence
What happened in the Papal states in 1831-32?
- Organised by the professional classes who resented the oppressive rule of the Church & met little resistance
- Prov. gov established in Bologna in Feb 1831 - not long lasting
- minor uprisings easily crushed by the Aus. troops
Pos impact: Italian identity emerges due to govt name
What happened in Modena in 1831-32
- Enrico Misley wanted to achieve a constitution for Modena but he was betrayed and jailed in 1831.
- Duke Francis IV visited Vienna and in his absence the revolutionaries took over and established a provisional govt.
Pos impact: shows states can unite for common cause
Neg impact: harsh punishments deter future rebels & strength of Aus. army intimidates
What happened in Parma in 1831-32
- Student led organised riots demanding a constitution
- Contact made with Modena and a joint army was established.
Pos impact: displays rulers aren’t absolute powers
1820-21 revolutions sign. in dev. IN
- Piedmontese introduced rev. ideas to the rest of Italy i.e. proclaiming independence as the KOI establishing a unified national identity/1st to articulate key features of IN
- socio-economic conditions i.e poverty developed a common experience so unified in wanting to overthrow govt.
- Pope & Army demonstrate possibility for change bc the groups meant to be the most loyal to the king wanted to be rid of the ruler - ARMY KEY TO IN
- dominating presence of the Austrian govt. sowed the seeds of discontent, creating common enemy
- Presence & ideas of carbonari suggest change in IN ideas
1820-21 revolutions less sign. in dev. IN
Piedmontese low in numbers meaning ideas had little influence on rest of the population
- naples & sicily = no nat. sentiment - sicily wants separatism and naples looks down on sicilians, so not united
- carbonari not widely supported, only 30 involved = lim. influence
- Austrians crushed the revolutions which deterred further attempts = they are too strong!!
1831-32 revolutions significant in dev. IN
Mod. & Parma indicate that there is communication between revolutiuonaries
- Fr sent troops in support of the Pope indicating they are becoming frustrated w/ Austrian influence - key to kickstarting IN
-
1831-32 revolutions less significant in dev. IN
- Rev. liberals didn’t want united Italy but a change in the inadequate govt
- oppressive treatment of revolutionaries esp. by CA deter further attempts
- Fr. support isn’t fully realised as declare policy of non-intervention & send troops in support of oppressors e.g. the Pope
