Italian Renaissance Flashcards
Renaissance
means “rebirth” (following the original birth of civilization)
origin of Renaissance
Florence
Florence
origin of Renaissance
small city in Italy
first city in Europe to recover from Plague
causes of Italian Renaissance
humanism
plague
fall of Constantinople (brain drain)
humanism
belief that all human beings have value
message spread by Petrarch
education has ability to improve human condition
Plague
disease from Asia which quickly killed many in Europe
spread extremely easily and quickly
effects of Plague on Europe
killed 30% of population
effects of Plague on Florence
killed 70% of Florence
effects of Plague on economy
immediately hurt economy by killing many workers
gradually helped economy as population recovered
growth of middle class allows people to spend money on more than just necessities
fall of Constantinople
invasion of Roman capital by Persians
caused a brain drain to Florence
brain drain
emigration of educated people from a particular city or area
effects of fall of Constantinople
helped Florence’s economy
known as “Lamentation” or “Lamentation of Christ”
painted by Giotto
from Italian Renaissance
blue sky was unique
example of psychological realism
psychological realism
style of art which depicts emotions on faces
known as “The Trinity” or “The Holy Trinity”
painted by Masaccio
from Italian Renaissance
example of use of perspective
people who bought the painting can be seen
perspective
art tool used to create illusion of 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimensional surface
known as “Saint Sebastian”
painted by Andrea Mantegna
from Italian Renaissance
arrows symbolize how it was believed God gave people Plague
Saint Sebastian
patron saint of the Plague
executed by arrows
color which Mary wears in art
blue
symbolizes faithfulness
color which Mary Magdeline wears in art
red
symbolizes sin
color which John wears in art
red
symbolizes devout faith
known as “David”
painted by Andrea del Castagno
from Italian Renaissance
shows both before and after
painted on shield (never used in battle)
known as “Birth of Venus”
painted by Sandra Botecelli
from Italian Renaissance
first naked painting of Italian Renaissance
flying people are swooping in to clothe Venus
excuse used to justify nudity in Birth of Venus
Venus is goddess of love
Venus’s nudity represents purest love of God
nobody loves God more than Mary
symbolizes Mary’s love for God
known as “David”
sculpted by Donatello
from Italian Renaissance
nudity is accurate to original story
intentionally looks weak and feminine
celebration of Florence’s unexpected victory over Milan
known as “Pazzi Chapel”
designed by Brunelleschi
from Italian Renaissance
paid for by Pazzi family
never used as burial site of Pazzi family (as punishment for wrongdoings)
arch in middle of pillars was useless (only aesthetic)
Pazzi family
2nd richest family in Florence during Italian Renaissance
hated Medici family
paid for construction of Pazzi chapel
attempted to conspire against Medici family
Medici family
richest family in Florence during Italian Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian polymath
self-described engineer
big gay
wrote in reverse
Leonardo da Vinci’s inventions
submarine
hang-glider
parachute
Leonardo da Vinci’s painting techniques
chiaroscuro
sfumato
chiaroscuro
translates to “light/dark”
painting technique which gives impression of spotlight on 1 side of painting
creates dramatic effect
sfumato
painting technique which creates smokey or hazy effect
makes painting appear out of focus
known as “Madonna of the Rocks” or “Virgin of the Rocks”
painted by Leonardo da Vinci
from Italian Renaissance
example of chiaroscuro
example of sfumato
depicts Mary, John, Jesus, and an angel sitting together
Michelangelo
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Italian polymath
(likely) fruity fruity
could have been on the spectrum
evidence that Michelangelo could have been on the spectrum
socially awkwardness
prolonged attention
jobs of Michaelangelo
sculptor
painter
biologist
engineer
known as “Creation of Man” or “Creation of Adam”
painted by Michelangelo
from Italian Renaissance
most iconic part of Sistine Chapel
known as “Moses”
sculpted by Michelangelo
from Italian Renaissance
huge
only part of tomb of Pope Julius II sculpted by Michelangelo (rather than his assistants)
modeled after Pope Julius II
has horns due to mistranslation in Michelangelo’s Bible
Rafael
Italian painter
drowning in pussy
known as “School of Athens”
painted by Rafael
from Italian Renaissance
found in Vatican (ironic because it contains images of pagans)
depicts all famous Greeks with faces of Rafael’s friends
signified that the modern Italians were just as good as the classic Greeks and Romans
known as “Burial of the Count of Orgaz”
painted by El Greco
from Italian Renaissance
depicts 2 miracles
2 miracles depicted in Burial of the Count of Orgaz
shows Saint Augustine and Saint Stephen at funeral after they had died
Count of Orgaz did not have to go to purgatory
effects on Italian Renaissance
invention of printing press (1439)
Protestant Reformation (1517)
rise of capitalism
inventor of printing press
Johannes Gutenberg
effect of printing press on Renaissance
increased literacy rate of Europe to 17% for both men and women
allowed ideas (particularly Greek literature) to spread much faster
first thing ever printed using printing press
Bible
start of Protestant Reformation
nailing of 95 theses on the door of Church of Wittenburg by Martin Luther
Martin Luther
Catholic priest who started Protestant Reformation in Germany
fought against indulgences within Catholic Church
spread of Protestant Reformation
spread throughout all northern European countries (not adjacent to Mediterranean Sea) except Belgium and part of Ireland
power of Protestant countries
most powerful countries in Europe
effects of rise of capitalism
creation of a large middle class
known as “Mérode Alterpiece”
painted by Robert Campin
from Flemish Renaissance
3 lilies symbolize Holy Trinity
crucifix can be seen descending from window
altarpiece
painting placed on or behind an altar
triptych altarpiece
altarpiece with 3 panels
polyptych altarpiece
altarpiece with multiple panels
known as “Descent from the Cross” or “Deposition of Christ”
painted by Rogier van der Weyden
from Netherlandish Renaissance
uses colors to direct eyes
Jan van Eyck
Flemish painter from Bruges
1 of best oil painters
oil paint
pigment mixed with linseed oil
dries slowly (good for mixing colors and fixing errors)
known as “Arnolfini Wedding Portrait” or “Arnolfini Portrait”
painted by Jan van Eyck
from Flemish Renaissance
entire painting can be seen in reverse through mirror (including viewer and van Eyck)
fruit near window symbolize fertility
known as “Garden of the Lights” or “Garden of Earthly Delights”
painted by Hieronymus Bosh
from Netherlandish Renaissance
very weird (lots of butt stuff)
panels show order of events from beginning to end
known as “Henry VIII”
painted by Hans Holbein
from Swiss Renaissance
extremely great detail
known as “Return in the Snow” or “Return of the Hunter”
painted by Pieter Bruegel
from Flemish Renaissance
example of genre
example of atmospheric perspective
has bad composition (all important stuff is on one side)
eyes are led across canvas by birds and direction of people
known as “Isenheim Altarpiece”
painted by Matthias Grunewald
from German Renaissance
Borowicz gives thumbs up
larger than life-size
highly accurate account of events
atmospheric perspective
art tool used to create illusion of 3-dimensional space on 2-dimensional surface
used in images of outdoors
genre
scene from everyday life
image of regular people doing regular people stuff
printmaking
method for artists to make many copies of single original
types of printmaking in Renaissance
woodcut
engraving
woodcut
hard to depict gray
not extremely precise
engraving
better than woodcut
effects of printmaking on society
allowed artists to make equivalent or more money by selling more copies for lower prices
allowed regular people to afford artwork
known as “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”
created by Albrecht Dürer
from German Renaissance
example of extremely high-quality woodcut (almost as good as engraving by using many thin lines to make gray)
Baroque
time of ornate or irregular art
period which follows Renaissance
counter-reformation
age of science
effects of Baroque on architecture
100 or more churches built within small timeframe
effects of Baroque on art world
big boom in job creation for architects, construction workers, painters, and sculptors
Caravaggio
most influential artist of Baroque period
had bad temper (arrested weekly)
Caravaggio’s influences on Baroque
dramatic lighting
psychological realism
naturalism
known as “Death of the Virgin”
painted by Caravaggio
from Italian Baroque
buyer did not understand concept that Mary was dead
known as “Judith and Holofernes”
painted by Artemisia Gentileschi
from Italian Baroque
head-chopee is Judith’s rapist
self-portrait of Gentileschi
6 different renditions created
Artemisia Gentileschi
1 of 1st famous female Italian artists
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Borowicz’s favorite sculptor
Borowicz claims “he’s the cheese”
lived a good life
known as “David”
sculpted by Bernini
from Italian Baroque
only image of David which shows older man
self-portrait of Bernini
Flanders
old-timey Belgium
Catholic country (controlled by Spain)
known as “Rape of Daughters of Leucippus”
painted by Sir Peter Paul Rubens
from Catholic Flemish Baroque
shows lots of nudity (completely acceptable in Baroque)
pale and thicc women seen as more attractive
known as “Las Meninas” or “Ladies in Waiting”
painted by Diego Valasquez
from Catholic Spanish Baroque
1 of best paintings in Baroque
propoganda used to normalize the royal family
influenced by Caravaggio
known as “Malle Babbe”
painted by Frans Hels
from Protestant Netherlandish Baroque
name means “Bad Grandma” in English
old lady is trashed
possibly seen as a witch
known as “Girl with a Pearl Earring”
painted by Jans Vernier
from Protestant Netherlandish Baroque
made Borowicz want to cry
about to say something (as known by licked lips and wide eyes)
rags on head are worn by servants
servants do not wear pearl earrings
known as “Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp”
painted by Rembrandt
from Catholic Netherlandish Baroque
dissection of Jew or criminal
Dr. Tulp was known as best doctor in Amsterdam
