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IT & software Flashcards

1
Q

IDE

A

An integrated development environment is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. examples pycharm for python and eclipse for java

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2
Q

python

A

Named after comedian Monthy Python this language is quite popular. You can code all kinds of scripts and web servers.

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3
Q

SQL

A

SQL is used for databases. It’s also important for websites, e.g. e-commerce.

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4
Q

PHP

A

PHP is used for websites including everything on backend level.

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5
Q

HTML, CSS

A

These two are not exactly programming languages but important for websites. HTML is used for structure and content of a website and CSS determines how this is shown.

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6
Q

Swift

A

The language for Apple products. You need XCode to code with Swift which is included on MacBooks etc.

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7
Q

edge computing

A

an IT architecture that processes client data at the periphery of the network, close to the original source as possible.

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8
Q

quantum computing

A

Regular computers use bits (zero and one. Quantum computers use qubits (value of zero or one, and a combination of zero and one at the same time). Qubits are more powerful than bits, able to perform more complex calculations.

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9
Q

machine learning libraries

A

libraries for machine learning with Python are NumPy, SciPy, Tensor Flow, Theano, Matplotlib, Pandas, PyTorch and more. What are they good for? Python libraries are collections of code and functions. They can be imported into the main Python framework, joining other Python functions. You can use the new functions without having to program them.

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10
Q

blockchain

A

is a secure database shared across a network of participants.

A blockchain database must be cryptographically secure. To access data you need two cryptographic keys: a public key and the private key.
It’s digital log, fully online.
It’s shared across a public or private network.

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11
Q

MVC framework

A

The Model-View-Controller (MVC) framework is an architectural/design pattern that separates an application into three main logical components Model, View, and Controller. Each architectural component is built to handle specific development aspects of an application.

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12
Q

DRY, KISS, SOLID

A

software engineering principles
keep it simple
dont repeat yourself
SOLID stands for:
S - Single-responsiblity Principle
O - Open-closed Principle
L - Liskov Substitution Principle
I - Interface Segregation Principle
D - Dependency Inversion Principle

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13
Q

Gitlab

A

GitLab Inc. is an open-core company that operates GitLab, a DevOps software package that combines the ability to develop, secure, and operate software in a single application. The open source software project was created by Ukrainian developer Dmitriy Zaporozhets and Dutch developer Sytse Sijbrandij.

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14
Q

API

A

An application programming interface (API) is a way for two or more computer programs to communicate with each other

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15
Q

AR

A

augmented reality
In AR, the real world is enhanced by adding virtual objects to it. To step into the AR world, you need to have AR glasses or a smartphone with a camera.

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16
Q

argument

A

In programming, an argument is information you pass into a function.

The function then uses the argument to perform an operation and return a result.

The data you pass into a function has many names:

Argument
Parameter
Input
These names are used interchangeably among programmers.

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17
Q

Arithmetic operators

A

Arithmetic operators are the “regular math operators” you use every day. The fundamental four arithmetic operators are:

Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (x)
Division (÷)
More formally, arithmetic operators are mathematical functions that take two arguments and do a calculation using them.

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18
Q

array

A

In programming, an array is a collection of objects, such as numbers or names.

[“Alice”, “Bob”, “Charlie”, “David”]
It is one of the most commonly used data types in all fields of software development.

Typically, arrays are used to store elements of the same kind. For example, if you have a program that represents students, you might keep all the students in an array for easy access and operations.

In general, arrays are useful because computer programs need to deal with loads of data. This data must be easy to read, access, and modify. This is when it becomes useful to store data in an array.

In programming, it is easy to add, modify, and remove data from an array. An array makes processing large quantities of data easier.

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19
Q

ASCII

A

ASCII is a shorthand for American Standard Code for Informational Interchange.

Basically, ASCII maps each English alphabet to a number. Here is the ASCII table of the English alphabet:

20
Q

async

A

Asynchronous (or async) means events that don’t occur at the same time, thus being “out of sync”.

When you perform a network request, you want to use an asynchronous function. This is because you don’t want to halt the entire program to wait for the response. This is a typical use case for asynchronous code.

A real-life example of something being asynchronous is messaging. When you send an email, you don’t expect an immediate response. Instead, the response can arrive at any moment in time without affecting you.

Asynchronous tasks don’t occur at fixed intervals. Thus, they cannot depend on one another. Instead, async tasks take place independently to serve a separate purpose.

21
Q

backend

A

the backend is a part of a computer program inaccessible to the user.

The data of a program or application is stored in the backend in a database. For example, usernames and profiles of a social media app are stored in a backend.

The idea of apps and programs is that the end user uses the front end to interact with the data and logic in the backend.

For example, when you change your social media profile picture, you use the front end of the app to store the picture on the backend.

22
Q

boolean

A

Boolean values represent something being either true or false.

More formally, a boolean is a datatype that represents the truth. It has two and only two possible values, true or false.

23
Q

build

A

A build is a computer program that is converted into a standalone format.

During the build phase, your source code is converted into machine-level code executable by your computer. This process is called compilation.

A build is typically created when the code is ready for testing or a release.

The complexity of a build can vary. In the simplest case, a software developer can build the program using their desktop and IDE.

24
Q

byte

A

A byte is an arrangement of eight bits.

Notice that there is no standard definition of the size of a byte. So there could be systems where the number of bits in a byte is not eight.

A typical computer uses bytes to represent characters, such as letters, numbers, or other typographic symbols.

Make sure to read about Bits earlier in this list to see how bytes are put together by bits.

25
Q

camel case

A

In the camel case, word combinations that have no spaces are separated by capital first letters.

For example myFancyHouse.

26
Q

client side

A

Client-side is a popular term in web development.

The Client-side refers to everything that an end user sees. It is quite literally the side that the clients get to see.

On a web page, client side refers to:

Text
Images
Any other UI component visible/accessible to you
Actions that your browser performs
For example, the markup languages HTML and CSS are interpreted on the client side. This simply means your browser renders the web page.

27
Q

cloud

A

Cloud refers to the vast amount of servers in data centers across the globe. These servers are accessible via the internet.

These days, more and more services are cloud-based. This helps companies save money and introduce convenience for users.

28
Q

Command-Line Interface (CLI)

A

Command-Line Interface (CLI) is a program that accepts text-based commands to perform functions on your operating system.

Back in the 1960s, CLIs were the only way to interact with computers.

These days, GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) are used instead. These make using the software much easier for the end user.

For example, instead of typing a command to download a file, you can click a “download” button.

29
Q

compiler

A

A compiler translates program code to machine-level code.

A programming language is something the developers understand. But a machine doesn’t understand programming language as-is. Instead, a machine only understands low-level machine code that eventually is just 0s and 1s.

To run a program, the code must be compiled for the machine to understand. This is where a compiler is used.

30
Q

conditional statements

A

In programming, you can use conditional statements to check if a condition is true or false.

With conditional statements, the computer can make decisions. The conditional statements bring logic to the code.

A typical conditional statement is an if-else statement.

if age > 18:
print(“You can drive”)
else:
print(“You cannot drive”)

31
Q

debugging

A

Debugging is the process of hunting bugs in a program.

The main goal is to track down the line of code that causes problems. Developers spend a lot of time debugging their code. Debugging may take hours and can be really frustrating. Worse yet, sometimes the issue was caused by something silly, such as a typo.

32
Q

constants

A

Constants refer to values that aren’t supposed to change. These values remain constant during the execution of the program.

33
Q

declaration

A

In programming, declaration means creating the name and data type of a new code element, such as a variable or constant.

The declaration is common action and takes place in every single program.

For example, to create a number, you can declare it as a variable or constant of a type integer.

34
Q

endless loop

A

An endless loop (or infinite loop) is an accidental condition in programming where a piece of code is repeated forever.

An endless loop is caused by a developer who forgot to update the looping condition to exit the loop. When this happens, the program crashes as all the computing power is focused on maintaining the loop.

To terminate an endless loop, the program must be stopped entirely.

35
Q

git

A

Git is a version control system for software development projects.

With Git, you can handle small hobby projects as well as large enterprise-level software projects.

Git is software that runs locally on your machine. Its main function is to track changes to your code, thus the name version control.

When you make a change to the codebase, you can commit the changes to Git. If you, later on, notice that the change broke your program, you can use Git to travel back in time to revert the change.

36
Q

front end

A

The front end is the “user side” of a program. Sometimes front-end is also called the client side.

A front-end developer develops the client side of the web app. This typically involves using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, or Frameworks like Angular.js or React.

If you visit a web app like Instagram or TikTok, you are interacting with the front end of the software in technical terms.

37
Q

framework

A

One of the essential tools in programming is called a framework.

A framework has built-in code solutions that you can reuse as a developer. Frameworks speed up the development process as you don’t need to spend time reinventing the wheel.

In case you are new to programming, it’s untypical to code everything from scratch. Instead, a developer uses ready-made building blocks to build the software. Bigger software projects might use multiple frameworks and external dependencies to streamline the development process.

38
Q

interpreter

A

An interpreter translates source code to machine-level code.

Humans don’t understand machine code. Machines don’t understand humans. This is why programming languages exist.

A programming language is an interlink between a machine and a human.

But machines don’t understand programming languages either! Instead, they only do 0s and 1s.

This is why every single piece of code has to be translated to the machine. This is what an interpreter does. The interpreter goes through your code and translates it to the machine line by line.

If you read about compilers earlier, you may wonder what is the difference between an interpreter and a compiler. To put it short:

An interpreter translates one line of code at a time. This makes it fast to analyze the code. But the overall execution time takes longer.
A compiler scans the entire program. It translates the program into machine code in one go. The analyzing phase takes much longer than with an interpreter. But the execution process is then much faster.

39
Q

iot

A

IoT stands for Internet of Things.

The idea of IoT is that everything can be part of the internet.

The word “Thing” in the Internet of Things can be pretty much anything, such as:

Bread toaster
A person with a brain chip
Doorbell
A car with built-in sensors
In the IoT, there is a lack of human interaction. Instead of human-to-human or human-to-computer actions, the IoT objects are independent nodes on the internet network.

40
Q

iteration

A

In programming, iteration means the repetition of the same action. Iteration takes place as long as a condition is true.

For example, if a program wants to go through a list of names, it has to iterate the list until there are no names left.

Iteration is usually called looping. These terms are used interchangeably.

41
Q

library

A

A library is a collection of useful pre-written code solutions. By using a library, a developer can save a ton of time. Instead of writing a feature or functionality from scratch, the developer can reuse the code from the library.

Developing software at scale requires you to use libraries. Most code projects include dozens of external libraries to work.

Building software is all about combining existing solutions to form a new one. This is what libraries are made for.

42
Q

machine learning

A

Machine language is the 0s and 1s that a computer understands.

More formally, machine language is the arrangement of bits that the computer reads.

Machine language is sometimes called machine code or object code.

A computer doesn’t understand programming languages. To run a program, the source code must be translated into machine code. This is what compilers and interpreters do. Whenever you run a program, your source code becomes machine language behind the scenes.

43
Q

UX

A

UX is a shorthand for User Experience. It describes how the user feels when using your app or program.

When developing programs or apps, it’s important to make the user experience great. Otherwise, you give an unprofessional image of your business. Worse yet, bad UX means unsatisfied customers that are less likely to use your tools or recommend them to anyone else.

Good UX is when an app is simple and intuitive, and each function contributes to solving the users’ problems. The program should be seamless and require little to no guidance. User shouldn’t feel like they are lost.

44
Q

deep learning

A

Deep learning is a class of machine learning algorithms that uses multiple layers to progressively extract higher-level features from the raw input. For example, in image processing, lower layers may identify edges, while higher layers may identify the concepts relevant to a human such as digits or letters or faces.

45
Q

ERP

A

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) refers to a type of software that organizations use to manage day-to-day business activities such as accounting, procurement, project management, risk management and compliance, and supply chain operations.

46
Q

NER

A

Named entity recognition (NER) — sometimes referred to as entity chunking, extraction, or identification — is the task of identifying and categorizing key information (entities) in text. An entity can be any word or series of words that consistently refers to the same thing. Every detected entity is classified into a predetermined category. For example, an NER machine learning (ML) model might detect the word “super.AI” in a text and classify it as a “Company”.

47
Q

NLP

A

Natural Language Processing, or NLP for short, is broadly defined as the automatic manipulation of natural language, like speech and text, by software.

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