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Medical Sciences > It’s What’s Inside That Counts > Flashcards

It’s What’s Inside That Counts Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

212BC microscope

A

Greek mathmatician
Constructed burning lens to focus on sun rays on invading roman ships

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2
Q

First century AD Romans

A

Glass lenses
Roman philosopher
Watched gladiator matches through emerald
Burning glasses = focus sun rays and start fire, cauerise wounds in battle
Image enlargement = glass lense enlarged images magnifying glass

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3
Q

Lenses 800s AD

A

Reading stone
Glass sphere magnifying text
Invented by abbas firnas

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4
Q

First wearable glasses

A

1284
Salvino d-armate

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5
Q

First compound microscope

A

Zacharias and Hans Janssen in 1595
10x magnification when fully extended
Used light to see specimen

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6
Q

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

A

Developed telescope
1609 - compound microscope
1625 - analogous telescope

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7
Q

ANthonie Leeuwenhoek

A

Magnifying glass to count threads in factory
Taught himself to grind and polish curved lesnes
270x magnification
Wearable on one eye

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8
Q

Father of microscopy anthonie leeuwenhoek use of microscope

A

Bacteria, yeast, red blood cells, spermatozoa

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9
Q

English father of microscopy 1625-1703

A

Robert Hooke
Improved Leeuwenhoeks microscope
Compound micrscope with quality lense
Included light source
Improved quality of speciment image
First person to describe cells

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10
Q

Robert hookes microscope dsecribe

A

Used oil lamp for light source with water reservoir
And looked similar to modern day telescope but a tube

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11
Q

WHat did hooke see when he looked at the cork in 1665

A

Cells

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12
Q

What did schwann and schleidden state in 1839

A

Cell is the unit of structure, physiology and organisation of living things
Cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and as a building block in the structure of organisms

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13
Q

Microscopes over next two centuries - focus, financial and lense issue

A

Focus issue:
Improved focus mechanisms
Greater control

Financial:
Investment, attracted rich and talented individuals, combinations of glass makers, physicists, biologists, chemists, menufacturers, metal workers

Lense:
Improved lense, different type of glass, more compatiable lsnses in compound microscopes

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14
Q

Before X-ray discvery

A

Used touch if smoething lodged in you and swallowed

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15
Q

James Garfield

A

President for 4 months
Assasinated
Bullet lodged in spine died from blood poisoning
Chief physician couldnt locate bullet
Alexander bell invented metal detected to find bullet but failed to locate it due to bed springs garfield was lying on

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16
Q

Victorian photographic revolution

A

Increase in photography
Helped discover xrays

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17
Q

Sir william crooke

A

Investigate cathode rays using vacuum
High voltage in tubes caused e- to pass from one end to the other
Glow made e- released and hit end f tube
Image of cross occurs because the metal cross bloclks e-

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18
Q

William rontgen

A

Cathode rays using crooked tube
Tube leaked phosphorescent paint, began to flow
Tested what rays could pass through on painted screen
Producing xray image

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19
Q

How were xrays first used

A

Treat skin disorders
Locate foreign bodies
Produced side effects

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20
Q

How to make an xray

A

Tubes from rontgen
High energy ei pass from cathode through tube hitting metal target on anode
Releading high energy radiation

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21
Q

Why do xrays see through stuff

A

Dense objects absorb photons
Less dense pass through (soft tissue)

22
Q

Detecting xrays

A

Photographic plate
Photostimulable phosphors
Semiconductor detectors

23
Q

What is radiology

A

Specialised use of xrays for diagnostic imaging

24
Q

Tongen sterophotogrammetry

A

Analyses precise position of markers within the body
Joint replacements

25
Q

Xray crystallography

A

Allows precise locations of individual atoms to be identified from crystals
Discovered dna is a double helix and proteins

26
Q

WHen must you use a crystal for xray crystallography

A

Pure sample with ordered structure
Sample rotated xray beam and diffraction pattern
Computers piece together information to form electron density map

27
Q

Magnification definition

A

Enlarging an object/ specimen relative to its original size
Ratio describing the dimensions of the viewed specimen relative to its actual size of object

28
Q

Resolution definition

A

Ability to separate and distinguish 2 individual points in a specimen viewed through a microscope
Sharpness of image
Reltes to wavelength of light source

29
Q

Embedding

A

Fixed tissue embedded in wax or resin which will harden
Tissue no longer flimsy, makes sections or slices easier ot cut

30
Q

Sectioning

A

Tissue blocks sectioned or sliced using microtome
Visualisation of individual cells
Frozen tissue sectioned on a cryostat

31
Q

Staining

A

stained with organic dyes
choice of stain depends on tissue and what you want to see

32
Q

MRI stands for

A

Nuclear Magnetic resonance imaging
Powerful magnets excite water molecules in human tissue, detected by radio frequency coil

33
Q

How does MRI work

A

Magnets align nuclei and put them in an excited state
Mri scanner passes radio frequency waves
Radio frequency removed nuclei return back to aligned states
Viewing individual atoms can produce very thin slices and more detail than CT scan

34
Q

fMRI

A

Identifies active nerunal activity
Identifies O2 usage
Active cells more O2 consumption
Plot info on top of MRI scan

35
Q

Ultrasound

A

Improved outcome of pregnancies, ability to identify complications
Sound waves pass through soft tissue, easily and are reflected to differing degrees by internal structures

36
Q

3D ultrasound

A

Provides much more detial than 2D
Not better at identifying problems

37
Q

Echocardiography

A

Uses doopler effect to monitor movement
2D or 3D
Allows doctors to identify problems with minimal invasive techniques

38
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

Blood moves away from sensor, reflected sound waves longer than original wave
Moves towards = reflected sound waves shorter

39
Q

Bioluminescent imaging

A

Used florescent proteins to identify structures
Transgenic mice can be generated that have genes encoding proteins -> switched on in specific palces
Sensitive cameras detect light generated by proteins = green fluorescent protein, luciferase

40
Q

What is Luciferase

A

Enzyme found in many species of insect
Enzyme + substrate = emits very bright light
Firefly

41
Q

Luciferase in imaging

A

Gene switches on in cancerous cells in mouse models
Only cancer cells will light up
Detect light through skin
This method of imaging is highly quantitative, light is directly proportional to amount of gene expression in animal tissue

42
Q

ANgiography

A

Visualise blood vessels in real time in living tissue
Brain, heart, kidneys

43
Q

Coronary angiography

A

Allows physicians to visualise the blood vessels of the heart
Used for coronary heart disease = narrowing of blood vessels supply heart
Stents inserted

44
Q

Flurescence microscope describe

A

1) specimen contains fluorescent molecule, emits green light excited with blue light
2) fitler lets light of pssecific wavelength through
3) mirror reflects light below 510nm
4) filter only lets green fluorescent light through
5) eye only sees green fluorescing molecules on dark backgroun

45
Q

Example of thing used in fluerescence microscope

A

Nerve cells contain green fluorescent molecule
Detect specific molecules inside or outside cell
Dark background increases contrast sensitivity

46
Q

Name a commonly used florescent molecule

A

GFP
From jellyfish

47
Q

How to see mitosis in fluerscent microscope

A

Spindles green
Condensed chromosomes blue
Centromeres red

48
Q

GFP found when

A

Improved in 1990s
Martin chalfie, osuma shimomura, roger tsien

49
Q

Live cell imaging

A

Allows changes in cell behaviour to be monitered in real time

50
Q

GFP uses list

A

Gene expression
Show where cell proteins are localised
Protein activity
Protein movements tracking

51
Q

Electron beam TEM

A

Travels in vacuum
Focused by magnetic coils
Passes through specially-prepared specimen
Absorbed by electron dense areas of specimen

52
Q

Electron beam - SEM

A

Lower resolution/ magnification
As TEM but doesnt measure electrons absorbed by specimen
Instead measures electrons that bounce off specimen
3D images

Medical Sciences (5 decks)

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