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History Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

4000-525BC What they thought about disease

A

Caused by god
Adopted magic rituals talismans and medicines as treatments
Sakhmet goddess of destruction and illness

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2
Q

Ancient Egyptian Medicine

A

Understand human physiology
Body served by system of 46 tubes with heart at centre
Ebers Papyrus - oldest medical scrol 1570
Believed afterllife = mummification
$200,000 afford body in cryonic preservation storage potentially expanding lifespan

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3
Q

Ebers Papyrus 1570

A

Oldest medical scroll
Understood blood vessels, intestinse, airways
Disease results because of channel being blocked by Wehedu (evil spirit)
Physicians seeked cures to unblock channels

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4
Q

Diseases in egypt

A

Schistomiasis
Malaria
Trachoma
Silicosis of lungs
Pneumonia = chiselling stone breathed in a lot of dust

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5
Q

Ancient Greece

A

Asclepius god of healing
Doctors had rational theory of disease and searched for cures
Correct balance of hot and cold or wet and dry = healthy, upsetting balance you are ill
Hippocrates - body rebalance four humours (yellow bile, black bile, blood air, phlegm water) and heals itself physis, natural process, important of rest and immobilisation cleanliness, drug and specialised treatments

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6
Q

Aristotle 384-322BC

A

Therapy - restoration of balance lower phlegm
Fever - too much blood cut patient to reduce blood
Crisis - point in progress of disease where illness lead to death

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7
Q

Arab medicine and mathmatics

A

40-240 of abu husayns books focused on medicine

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8
Q

Chinese development

A

3000 year history, more than 20 disease types recorded 1600-1046BC
Use acupuncture as treatment for chronic pain, tension type headaches, migraines, prostatitis, hiccups

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9
Q

FIrst Roman to duggest disease

A

Marcu Terentius Varro (116-27BC)
FIrst to suggest micro organisms
Understood dirt encourages disease, carried clean water into towns, created public toilets with running streams to carry sewage away

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10
Q

Second roman to mention disease

A

Galen 129-210
Muscular tissue and function
motion and sensation sectioning nerve led to paralysis and loss of feeling to body part
Nerves communicated from spinal cord and brain to muscles
Brain and spinal cord centre of psychical force

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11
Q

Renaissance 1400-1700

A

Revival ideas of ancient greece and rome, culture art science and medicine studies by aristocrats and scholars

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12
Q

1450 Rome third person to mention disease and what they did

A

Johannes Guttenberg
Dissemination of information around europe

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13
Q

Emergency anatomy

A

Identified as scientific discipline
Leonardo da vinci highly influential in pioneering dissection of human bodies and making anatomical drawings

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14
Q

Church in rome after leonardo da vinci

A

Church forbade dissection of god fearing bodies dissections performed on bodies of criminals

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15
Q

William HArvey

A

Circulation of the blood, identified heart as co-ordinated pump
Role of arteries in carrying blood away from heart and role of veins carrying towards heart

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16
Q

Was galen or harveys diagram most accurate

A

Harvey most accurate to present day

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17
Q

Aberdonians in 1920

A

Frederick banting and charles best
Discovered insulin and purified to help with diabetes treatment wiht collip
1923 - banting collip awarded patients on insulin, sold them for $1 each saying insulin belongs to the world not to me so everyone had access

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18
Q

Aberdonians after insulin

A

Hans kosterlitz discovered morphine like chemicals produced in the brain
John Boyd Orr = nutrition influenced view of war 1, low malnutrition in schools helped with food banks etc
Development of mri scan

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19
Q

What does the resilience of plant species and changing animal physiology depend on

A

Climate change (forest fires etc)

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20
Q

WHen does risk start in humans - climate change

A

Before birth during pregnancy
Vulerable people
Diabetes, cardiovascular disease
Weather increases frequency of heat waves, hurricanes and drought
Those doing labour jobs at risk

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21
Q

Most powerful cooling mechanism

A

Sweat evaporation

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22
Q

What does LEAF stand for

A

Laboratory efficiency assessment framework

23
Q

WHat do scientists need to look at when it comes to climate change

A

Using plastic test tubes etc
Type of plastic used to make products
Sewage dumps of chemicals and from homes
Industrial plants

24
Q

Microplastics destroying life in humans and animals

A

Microplastic concentrations distribution in human testicular tissue - every man had microplastic in both dogs and human -> affects testicular cancers and sperm count
Ovarian follicles in women = threaten female fertility
Already appearing in phusiology

25
Q

Medicine wastage

A

300 million£
Wasted or unused or partially used medication which cannot be recycled or reused
Could be. Used to pay for drug treatments for cancer, hip replacements etc
All inhales should be returned to pharmacys
73 million ued a year
Need to recycle medicines

26
Q

Smallpox history

A

30% mortality rate
Eradicated by 70s
Chinese physicians noticed smallpox, didnt contract disease if exposed again
Volunteers sniffing powder from dried scabs subjects
Usually contracted 8-9 days later recovered, many suffered smallpox outbreaks

27
Q

Variolation in britain

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Contracted small pox in turkey
Severe facial scarring
Elderly turkish women regularly engrafted groups of people
May 1796 -> first vaccine demonstrated against smallpox
Dr edward jenner inoculated child with cowpox sore, reacted to cowpox felt unwell several days two months later took human smallpox sore and remained in perfect health

28
Q

What did florence nightingale do (short)

A

Reduced mortality and improved sanitation

29
Q

Floence nightingale data visualisation and statistics

A

Death mostly due to preventable diseases
Then death due to wounds
Death due to other causes

Conditions in army barracks poor
Mortaliy for soldiers in barracks over double that of men in general public

30
Q

Pleasure and pain in twin studies

A

Changes in fronto-striatal structures altered self control

31
Q

Homeostatic feeding

A

Hypothalamus
Glucose, FFAs, insulin, leptin, grehlin, autonomic

32
Q

Hedonistic feeding

A

VTA = Stimulated by sensory input (look chocolate!)
Nucleus accumbens = reinforced reward behaviour (tastes good)
Pre-frontal cortex = thoughts and actions (eat it)

33
Q

Parts of the brain associated with pleasure and pain. Hedionistic feeding

A

Ventral temental area
Nucleus accumbens
Pre frontal cortex

34
Q

Drugs and therapy in 2008 jellyfish

A

Protein from hellyfish in 2008
SHimomura
Ceating veritable rainbow of GFP variants
Used to detect fingerprints

35
Q

Renaissance meaning

A

Rebirth or revival

36
Q

Major discoveries - church

A

Reformation of the roman catholic church
Galens theory of the four humours disproved
Church controlled most teachings within university

37
Q

Major discovery - printing press

A

Allows news ot spread quickly and not be held within monastries

38
Q

Major discoveries listed

A

New land = new medicine
Microscope
Church reformation
Printing press

39
Q

Key people of renaissance

A

Andreas vasalius
William harvey
Ambroise pare

40
Q

Galens ideas

A

Claudius Galen 129AD-210AD
Used monkeys
CORRECT:
Nerves control muscles, venus and arterial blood are different, surgically remove cataracts
WRONG:
Continues hippocrated bodily humors theory, humor imbalances corresponded to different human temepratures, venous blood pumped by liver, arteial blood originated in heart, blood consumed by organs

41
Q

The reformtion began when

A

1517
Reforming roman catholic church practices

42
Q

Reformation - martin luther

A

Martin kuther german priest
Largely due to him going against church selling indulgences to raise money
Posted prints or protestant reformation
Destroyed galen’s ideas as church no longer had control over it
Printing press could teach and spread quickly

43
Q

Printing press

A

Discoveries communicated quickly
Allows printing of detailed anatomical drawings far more quickly than hand copying

44
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

Flemish anatomist who revolutionised anaomical misconceptions by galen
Used dissection tools
Kept highly detailed drawings of his work
1539 - judge came across vaselius’s work and allowed use of executed criminals for dissection
Secretly used executed prisoners for dissections

45
Q

Barber surgeons

A

Common medical practitioners in medieval europe
Worked on wounded soldiers
Conduct tooth extractions, bloodletting and enemas
Poles used as hand grips so veins would show to allow for easier blodoletting through leeches or razor blades
Washed bandages from practice and hung outside to dry - retwist around pole painted red to hide blood

46
Q

What does an old drawing of a brain look ike

A

Circle wih 5 columns with writing
Describing he function

47
Q

William Harvey

A

English doctor famous contributions on circulatory system of body
Blood ebbed and flowed from one region to another in body
Blood produced form food in liver and consumed by tissue of body
Blood volume work changed medical perceptions of hearts function

48
Q

William harvey blood volume estimation

A

Estimated 0.043 litres
Actually 7000 litres

49
Q

Harvey blood circulated experiment

A

Trying veins caused heart to empty
Trying arteries caused heart to swell
Blood only flows one way with valves preventing backflow

50
Q

Who was ambroise pare

A

Trained as abrber surgeon
Became surgeon in army
Treated mny wounds in battle
1500s wounds treated with boiling oil
Often limbs removed and stump plunged into boiling oil

51
Q

What did ambroide pare make

A

Cautery irons
Most people wiht deep wounds died from blood loss
Irons on blood vessels prevented blood loss
Although most people died from shock of pain

52
Q

AMbroise pare antiseptic

A

Instead of using boiling oil used egg yolk concoction
Those with oil died those with egg yolk survived

53
Q

Ambroise pare prosthetics

A

Prosthetic limbs in drawings
Although already been used in ancient egypt

54
Q

Gunter von hagnes what he did

A

He plastinated cadavers using patented techniques

Medical Sciences (4 decks)

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