History Flashcards
4000-525BC What they thought about disease
Caused by god
Adopted magic rituals talismans and medicines as treatments
Sakhmet goddess of destruction and illness
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Understand human physiology
Body served by system of 46 tubes with heart at centre
Ebers Papyrus - oldest medical scrol 1570
Believed afterllife = mummification
$200,000 afford body in cryonic preservation storage potentially expanding lifespan
Ebers Papyrus 1570
Oldest medical scroll
Understood blood vessels, intestinse, airways
Disease results because of channel being blocked by Wehedu (evil spirit)
Physicians seeked cures to unblock channels
Diseases in egypt
Schistomiasis
Malaria
Trachoma
Silicosis of lungs
Pneumonia = chiselling stone breathed in a lot of dust
Ancient Greece
Asclepius god of healing
Doctors had rational theory of disease and searched for cures
Correct balance of hot and cold or wet and dry = healthy, upsetting balance you are ill
Hippocrates - body rebalance four humours (yellow bile, black bile, blood air, phlegm water) and heals itself physis, natural process, important of rest and immobilisation cleanliness, drug and specialised treatments
Aristotle 384-322BC
Therapy - restoration of balance lower phlegm
Fever - too much blood cut patient to reduce blood
Crisis - point in progress of disease where illness lead to death
Arab medicine and mathmatics
40-240 of abu husayns books focused on medicine
Chinese development
3000 year history, more than 20 disease types recorded 1600-1046BC
Use acupuncture as treatment for chronic pain, tension type headaches, migraines, prostatitis, hiccups
FIrst Roman to duggest disease
Marcu Terentius Varro (116-27BC)
FIrst to suggest micro organisms
Understood dirt encourages disease, carried clean water into towns, created public toilets with running streams to carry sewage away
Second roman to mention disease
Galen 129-210
Muscular tissue and function
motion and sensation sectioning nerve led to paralysis and loss of feeling to body part
Nerves communicated from spinal cord and brain to muscles
Brain and spinal cord centre of psychical force
Renaissance 1400-1700
Revival ideas of ancient greece and rome, culture art science and medicine studies by aristocrats and scholars
1450 Rome third person to mention disease and what they did
Johannes Guttenberg
Dissemination of information around europe
Emergency anatomy
Identified as scientific discipline
Leonardo da vinci highly influential in pioneering dissection of human bodies and making anatomical drawings
Church in rome after leonardo da vinci
Church forbade dissection of god fearing bodies dissections performed on bodies of criminals
William HArvey
Circulation of the blood, identified heart as co-ordinated pump
Role of arteries in carrying blood away from heart and role of veins carrying towards heart
Was galen or harveys diagram most accurate
Harvey most accurate to present day
Aberdonians in 1920
Frederick banting and charles best
Discovered insulin and purified to help with diabetes treatment wiht collip
1923 - banting collip awarded patients on insulin, sold them for $1 each saying insulin belongs to the world not to me so everyone had access
Aberdonians after insulin
Hans kosterlitz discovered morphine like chemicals produced in the brain
John Boyd Orr = nutrition influenced view of war 1, low malnutrition in schools helped with food banks etc
Development of mri scan
What does the resilience of plant species and changing animal physiology depend on
Climate change (forest fires etc)
WHen does risk start in humans - climate change
Before birth during pregnancy
Vulerable people
Diabetes, cardiovascular disease
Weather increases frequency of heat waves, hurricanes and drought
Those doing labour jobs at risk
Most powerful cooling mechanism
Sweat evaporation
What does LEAF stand for
Laboratory efficiency assessment framework
WHat do scientists need to look at when it comes to climate change
Using plastic test tubes etc
Type of plastic used to make products
Sewage dumps of chemicals and from homes
Industrial plants
Microplastics destroying life in humans and animals
Microplastic concentrations distribution in human testicular tissue - every man had microplastic in both dogs and human -> affects testicular cancers and sperm count
Ovarian follicles in women = threaten female fertility
Already appearing in phusiology
Medicine wastage
300 million£
Wasted or unused or partially used medication which cannot be recycled or reused
Could be. Used to pay for drug treatments for cancer, hip replacements etc
All inhales should be returned to pharmacys
73 million ued a year
Need to recycle medicines
Smallpox history
30% mortality rate
Eradicated by 70s
Chinese physicians noticed smallpox, didnt contract disease if exposed again
Volunteers sniffing powder from dried scabs subjects
Usually contracted 8-9 days later recovered, many suffered smallpox outbreaks
Variolation in britain
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Contracted small pox in turkey
Severe facial scarring
Elderly turkish women regularly engrafted groups of people
May 1796 -> first vaccine demonstrated against smallpox
Dr edward jenner inoculated child with cowpox sore, reacted to cowpox felt unwell several days two months later took human smallpox sore and remained in perfect health
What did florence nightingale do (short)
Reduced mortality and improved sanitation
Floence nightingale data visualisation and statistics
Death mostly due to preventable diseases
Then death due to wounds
Death due to other causes
Conditions in army barracks poor
Mortaliy for soldiers in barracks over double that of men in general public
Pleasure and pain in twin studies
Changes in fronto-striatal structures altered self control
Homeostatic feeding
Hypothalamus
Glucose, FFAs, insulin, leptin, grehlin, autonomic
Hedonistic feeding
VTA = Stimulated by sensory input (look chocolate!)
Nucleus accumbens = reinforced reward behaviour (tastes good)
Pre-frontal cortex = thoughts and actions (eat it)
Parts of the brain associated with pleasure and pain. Hedionistic feeding
Ventral temental area
Nucleus accumbens
Pre frontal cortex
Drugs and therapy in 2008 jellyfish
Protein from hellyfish in 2008
SHimomura
Ceating veritable rainbow of GFP variants
Used to detect fingerprints
Renaissance meaning
Rebirth or revival
Major discoveries - church
Reformation of the roman catholic church
Galens theory of the four humours disproved
Church controlled most teachings within university
Major discovery - printing press
Allows news ot spread quickly and not be held within monastries
Major discoveries listed
New land = new medicine
Microscope
Church reformation
Printing press
Key people of renaissance
Andreas vasalius
William harvey
Ambroise pare
Galens ideas
Claudius Galen 129AD-210AD
Used monkeys
CORRECT:
Nerves control muscles, venus and arterial blood are different, surgically remove cataracts
WRONG:
Continues hippocrated bodily humors theory, humor imbalances corresponded to different human temepratures, venous blood pumped by liver, arteial blood originated in heart, blood consumed by organs
The reformtion began when
1517
Reforming roman catholic church practices
Reformation - martin luther
Martin kuther german priest
Largely due to him going against church selling indulgences to raise money
Posted prints or protestant reformation
Destroyed galen’s ideas as church no longer had control over it
Printing press could teach and spread quickly
Printing press
Discoveries communicated quickly
Allows printing of detailed anatomical drawings far more quickly than hand copying
Andreas Vesalius
Flemish anatomist who revolutionised anaomical misconceptions by galen
Used dissection tools
Kept highly detailed drawings of his work
1539 - judge came across vaselius’s work and allowed use of executed criminals for dissection
Secretly used executed prisoners for dissections
Barber surgeons
Common medical practitioners in medieval europe
Worked on wounded soldiers
Conduct tooth extractions, bloodletting and enemas
Poles used as hand grips so veins would show to allow for easier blodoletting through leeches or razor blades
Washed bandages from practice and hung outside to dry - retwist around pole painted red to hide blood
What does an old drawing of a brain look ike
Circle wih 5 columns with writing
Describing he function
William Harvey
English doctor famous contributions on circulatory system of body
Blood ebbed and flowed from one region to another in body
Blood produced form food in liver and consumed by tissue of body
Blood volume work changed medical perceptions of hearts function
William harvey blood volume estimation
Estimated 0.043 litres
Actually 7000 litres
Harvey blood circulated experiment
Trying veins caused heart to empty
Trying arteries caused heart to swell
Blood only flows one way with valves preventing backflow
Who was ambroise pare
Trained as abrber surgeon
Became surgeon in army
Treated mny wounds in battle
1500s wounds treated with boiling oil
Often limbs removed and stump plunged into boiling oil
What did ambroide pare make
Cautery irons
Most people wiht deep wounds died from blood loss
Irons on blood vessels prevented blood loss
Although most people died from shock of pain
AMbroise pare antiseptic
Instead of using boiling oil used egg yolk concoction
Those with oil died those with egg yolk survived
Ambroise pare prosthetics
Prosthetic limbs in drawings
Although already been used in ancient egypt
Gunter von hagnes what he did
He plastinated cadavers using patented techniques
