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Medical Sciences > Immunology, Blood And Stem Cells > Flashcards

Immunology, Blood And Stem Cells Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Carries oxygen to our cells where they use it to produce energy

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2
Q

What does blood plasma do

A

Carries hormones, enzymes, nutrients and waste products around the body

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3
Q

What do platelets do

A

Clots blood to prevend blood loss following injury

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4
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Defends us from infection

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5
Q

What did richard lower do

A

Performed first blood transfusion in dogs
1667 sheep to humans

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6
Q

James blundell do

A

Performed first successful human to human transfusion

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7
Q

Karl landsteiner

A

Observed blood transfusion would results in blood clumping in the recipients circulation
Classified the ABO system of blood typing
Identified rhesus. Antigen

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8
Q

What did edward lindeman discover

A

Blood could be extracted by needle from donor and injected into the recipient allowing the volume of transfusion to be accurately monitored

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9
Q

What is an antigen

A

Marker on cell surface that confers info about a cells identity to the immune system

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10
Q

What is an antibody

A

Produced by b lymphocytes which are primed to recognise specific antigenic markers on cells

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11
Q

What antibodies do types a, b, ab and o circulate

A

A = antibodies for B antigen
B = A
AB = neither a nor b antibodies
O = both anti-a and anti-b antibodies

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12
Q

What is rhesus grouping

A

+/- = absence or presence of rhesus antigen on red blood cell
+ = absence

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13
Q

What is variolation

A

Earliest method of inducing immunity

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14
Q

10th and 16th century china and india

A

10th - inhaling dried powders from crust of lesions
16th - (just china) smllpox crusts into skin using pin or poking device

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15
Q

What did edward jenner do

A

Used cowpox infected material from the hand of a milkmaid to vaccinate 8 year old james phipps
Vaccinated 23 children

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16
Q

What does a mast cell do

A

Degranulation
Allergic reactions
Fight parasites

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17
Q

Basophil

A

Degranulation
Fight parasites
Allergic reactions

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18
Q

Eosinophil

A

Fight parasites
Degranulation
Ellergic reactions

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19
Q

Neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Release of NETs

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20
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytosis

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21
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation

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22
Q

Natural killer cell

A

Kill virus infected cells
Detect and control early signs of cancer

23
Q

names of phagocytes

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

24
Q

What are macrophages

A

Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

25
Q

What are neutrophils

A

Largest circulating white blood cell population
First line of defence against pathogens
Die within 1-2 days
Pus = dead neutrophils and dead pathogen
Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis, degranulation, releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

26
Q

what do eosinophils do

A

Deal with parasites
Release granules containing toxic proteins

27
Q

T cells response to antigens

A

T cells respond to antigens presented by an antigen presenting cell
Often dendritic
T cells become an effector t cells = helper t cells (produce mediators that have effects on other immune cells) and cytoxic t cells

28
Q

What are cytokines

A

Communication mechanism for cells of the immune system
Secreted mediators which act locally or at a distance
Secreted in response to microbes or other cytokines

29
Q

Cytokine storm

A

Too mny cytokines released
Sepsis
Response too strong

30
Q

What happens if a pathogen escapes to the blood

A

Infection becomes systematic
Affects the whole body

31
Q

What happens to cytokines produced by immune cells

A

Leads to leaky blood vssels
Fluid escapes from the blood to tissues
Multiorgan damage and death

32
Q

What is hypersensitivity to environmental substances

A

Allergic reactions
Reaction to harmless environmental substances
Triggered by allergen to release mediators

33
Q

How can damaging autoreactive immune responses be prevented

A

Eliminating autoreactive lymphocytes as they develop
Not responding to antigen unless accompanied by a danger signal
Regulatory cells can suppress autoreactive response

34
Q

How can you get immunodeficiency

A

Mutation in genes coding for major components of immune system
Age
Malnutrition
Drugs
HIV infection

35
Q

Transfer of antibodies from immune individual advantages and disadvantages

A

+ immediate protection, quick fix
- short term effect (no immunological memory), serum sickness, incoming antibody recognised antigen as foreign)

36
Q

Examples of passive immunity

A

Snake bite antivenom
primary deficiency in antibody
Rabies post exposure vaccination
Ebola antiserum

37
Q

Example of active immunity

A

Vaccination

38
Q

Different types of vaccines

A

Attenuated
Inactivated
Nucleic acid vaccines
Viral vector vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit vaccine

39
Q

Monoclonal antibody therapies

A

Humira anti-TNF
Herceptin - blocks human epidermal growth factor receptor
Avastin - anti-vascular endotherlial growth factor

40
Q

What are checkpoint inhibitors

A

Unlock gateway to the adaptive immune system by targeting an inhibitory molecule
Anti cancer drugs

41
Q

What can recombinant technology be used for

A

Re configure antibodies to bind more than a single target
Useful therapies

42
Q

How do t cells attack cancer

A

T cells isolated from patient
Cultured so they proliferate
Genetically modified to have receptor specific for tumour antigen and with the ability to promote strong t cell activation
Transferred back to patient

43
Q

How does desensitisation therapy with peptides work

A

Peptides induce regulatory cells with dampen immune system

44
Q

What does cell theory state

A

There is a basic unit structure for every living thing
Robert hooke

45
Q

Who discovered dna

A

Friedrich miescher

46
Q

What did friedrich mieschers

A

Extract cell nuclei
Substance contains protein (DNA)

47
Q

What did Frederick griffith do

A

Identified that DNA is the transforming factor that could make non virulent cells virulent

48
Q

What did phoebus levene do

A

Understand components of DNA molecule
Sugar, phosphate group etc

49
Q

What did erwin chargraff do

A

Worked out that different organisms have different proportions of nucleotides
But same amount of ATCG

50
Q

What did rosalind franklin and raymond gosling discover

A

Two distinct forms of DNA that they termed a and b forms
Occurs because of water content of molecule

51
Q

Watson and crick do

A

Built model of DNA as triple helix

52
Q

Why do you need to know the structure of dna

A

Explains how:
cells can replicate the dna they contain
cells can make transcripts of genes
certain proteins can bind to dna to regulate the genes of an organism
dna packages together

53
Q

What did meselson stahl do

A

Proved semi conservative theory of dna replication occurred in cells

Medical Sciences (5 decks)

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