Immunology, Blood And Stem Cells Flashcards
What do red blood cells do
Carries oxygen to our cells where they use it to produce energy
What does blood plasma do
Carries hormones, enzymes, nutrients and waste products around the body
What do platelets do
Clots blood to prevend blood loss following injury
What do white blood cells do
Defends us from infection
What did richard lower do
Performed first blood transfusion in dogs
1667 sheep to humans
James blundell do
Performed first successful human to human transfusion
Karl landsteiner
Observed blood transfusion would results in blood clumping in the recipients circulation
Classified the ABO system of blood typing
Identified rhesus. Antigen
What did edward lindeman discover
Blood could be extracted by needle from donor and injected into the recipient allowing the volume of transfusion to be accurately monitored
What is an antigen
Marker on cell surface that confers info about a cells identity to the immune system
What is an antibody
Produced by b lymphocytes which are primed to recognise specific antigenic markers on cells
What antibodies do types a, b, ab and o circulate
A = antibodies for B antigen
B = A
AB = neither a nor b antibodies
O = both anti-a and anti-b antibodies
What is rhesus grouping
+/- = absence or presence of rhesus antigen on red blood cell
+ = absence
What is variolation
Earliest method of inducing immunity
10th and 16th century china and india
10th - inhaling dried powders from crust of lesions
16th - (just china) smllpox crusts into skin using pin or poking device
What did edward jenner do
Used cowpox infected material from the hand of a milkmaid to vaccinate 8 year old james phipps
Vaccinated 23 children
X
Degranulation
Fight parasites
Allergic reactions
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell
X
Neutrophil does what
Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Release of NETs
Macrophage does what
Phagocytosis
Dendritic cell
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Natural killer cell
Kill virus infected cells
Detect and control early signs of cancer
names of phagocytes
Macrophages and neutrophils
What are macrophages
Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
What are neutrophils
Largest wbc population
First line of defence against pathogens
Die within 1-2 days
Pus = dead neutrophils and dead pathogen
Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis, degranulation, releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
what do eosinophils do
Deal with parasites
Release granules containing toxic proteins
T cells response to antigens
T cells respond to antigens presented by an antigen presenting cell
Often dendritic
T cells become an effector t cells = helper t cells and cytoxic t cells
What are cytokines
Communication mechanism for cells of the immune system
Secreted mediators which act locally or at a distance
Secreted in response to microbes or other cytokines
Cytokine storm
Too mny cytokines released
Sepsis
Response too strong
What happens if a pathogen escapes to the blood
Infection becomes systematic
Affects the whole body
What happens to cytokines produced by immune cells
Leads to leaky blood vssels
Fluid escapes from the blood to tissues
Multiorgan damage and death
What is hypersensitivity to environmental substances
Allergic reactions
Reaction to harmless environmental substances
Triggered by allergen to release mediators
How can damaging autoreactive immune responses be prevented
Eliminating autoreactive lymphocytes as they develop
Not responding to antigen unless accompanied by a danger signal
Regulatory cells can suppress autoreactive response
How can you get immunodeficiency
Mutation in genes coding for major components of immune system
Age
Malnutrition
Drugs
HIV infection
Transfer of antibodies from immune individual advantages and disadvantages
+ immediate protection, quick fix
- short term effect (no immunological memory), serum sickness, incoming antibody recognised antigen as foreign)
Examples of passive immunity
Snake bite antivenom
primary deficiency in antibody
Rabies post exposure vaccination
Ebola antiserum
Example of active immunity
Vaccination
Different types of vaccines
Attenuated
Inactivated
Nucleic acid vaccines
Viral vector vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Monoclonal antibody therapies
Humira anti-TNF
Herceptin - blocks human epidermal growth factor receptor
Avastin - anti-vascular endotherlial growth factor
What are checkpoint inhibitors
Unlock gateway to the adaptive immune system by targeting an inhibitory molecule
Anti cancer drugs
What can recombinant technology be used for
Re configure antibodies to bind more than a single target
Useful therapies
How do doctors make t cells that attack cancer
T cells isolated from patient
Cultured so they proliferate
Genetically modified to have receptor specific for tumour antigen and with the ability to promote strong t cell activation
Transferred back to patient
How does desensitisation therapy with peptides work
Peptides induce regulatory cells with dampen immune system
What does cell theory state
There is a basic unit structure for every living thing
Robert hooke
Who discovered dna
Friedrich miescher
What did friedrich mieschers
Extract cell nuclei
Substance contains protein (DNA)
What did Frederick griffith do
Identified that DNA is the transforming factor that could make non virulent cells virulent
What did phoebus levene do
Understand components of DNA molecule
Sugar, phosphate group etc
What did erwin chargraff do
Worked out that different organisms have different proportions of nucleotides
But same amount of ATCG
What did rosalind franklin and raymond gosling discover
Two distinct forms of DNA that they termed a and b forms
Occurs because of water content of molecule
Watson and crick do
Built model of DNA as triple helix
Why do you need to know the structure of dna
Explains how:
cells can replicate the dna they contain
cells can make transcripts of genes
certain proteins can bind to dna to regulate the genes of an organism
dna packages together
What did meselson stahl do
Proved semi conservative theory of dna replication occurred in cells
