Issues in Lifespan Development

Question 1

would argue that heredity plays the most important role in
bringing about that feature

Answer 1

nature

Question 2

would argue that one’s environment is
most significant in shaping the way we are

Answer 2

nurture

Question 3

assume that developmental change often
occurs in distinct stages that are qualitatively different from each other and in a set, universal sequence.

Answer 3

Stage theories or discontinuous
development
(Theorists)

Question 4

assume development is more slow and gradual process known

Answer 4

continuous development
(Behaviorists)

Question 5

the belief that a tiny, fully formed human is implanted in the sperm or egg at conception and then grows in size until birth

Answer 5

Preformationist

Question 6

refuted the idea of innate knowledge and instead proposed that children are largely shaped by their social environments, especially their education as adults teach them important knowledge.
(laid the groundwork for the behavioral
perspective and subsequent learning theories of Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura).

Answer 6

John Locke (1632-1704)

Question 7

Locke advocated thinking of a child’s mind as a blank slate

Answer 7

tabula rasa

Question 8

each period of life has a unique challenge or
crisis that the person who reaches it must face

Answer 8

psychosocial crises

Question 9

The child develops a feeling of trust in caregivers.
(0-1 year of age)

Answer 9

Trust versus Mistrust

Question 10

The child learns what can and cannot be controlled and develops a sense of free will
(1-2 years)

Answer 10

Autonomy versus Shame/Doubt

Question 10

The child learns to become independent by exploring, manipulating, and taking action.
(3-5 years)

Answer 10

Initiative versus Guilt

Question 11

The child learns to do things well or correctly according to standards set by others, particularly in school.
(6-11 years)

Answer 11

Industry versus Inferiority

Question 12

The adolescent develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others.
(adolescence)

Answer 12

Identity versus Role
Confusion

Question 13

The person develops the ability to give and receive love and to make long-term commitments.
( young adulthood)

Answer 13

Intimacy versus Isolation

Question 14

The person develops an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent.
(middle adulthood)

Answer 14

Generativity versus Stagnation

Question 15

The person develops acceptance of how one has lived.
(late adulthood)

Answer 15

Ego Integrity versus Despair

Question 16

based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself

Answer 16

Learning Theory
(AKA) Behaviorism
B.F Skinner(1904-1990)

Question 17

learning by watching others

Answer 17

Social Learning Theory

Question 18

There is interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us

Answer 18

reciprocal determinism

Question 19

how our mental processes or cognitions change over time

Answer 19

cognitive theories

Question 20

Children experience the world through their
fundamental senses of seeing, hearing,
touching and tasting
(Object Permanence)

Answer 20

Sensorimotor
(Birth to about 2 years)

Question 21

Children acquire the ability to internally
represent the world through language and
mental imagery. They also start to see the
world from other people’s perspectives
(Theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability)

Answer 21

Pre-operational
(2 to 7 years)

Question 22

Children become able to think logically. They can increasingly perform operations on objects that are real.
(Conservation)

Answer 22

Concrete operational
(7 to 11 years)

Question 23

Adolescents can think systematically, can
reason about abstract concepts, and can
understand ethics and scientific reasoning.
(Abstract logic)

Answer 23

Formal operational
(11 years to adulthood)

Question 24

emphasizes the importance of culture and interaction in the development of cognitive abilities.

Answer 24

sociocultural theory
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)

Question 25

studying how individuals perceive, analyze, manipulate, use, and remember information, and assumes that humans gradually improve in their processing skills; that is, cognitive development is continuous rather than stage-like

Answer 25

Information Processing

Question 26

provides a framework for understanding and studying the many influences on human development

Answer 26

Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)

Question 27

the individual’s setting and those who have direct, significant contact with the person, such as parents or siblings

Answer 27

Microsystem

Question 28

the larger organizational structures, such as school, the family, or religion.

Answer 28

Mesosystem

Question 29

the larger contexts of community
(A community’s values, history, and economy can impact the organizational structures it houses)

Answer 29

Exosystems

Question 30

cultural elements
(global economic conditions, war,
technological trends, values, philosophies, and a society’s responses to the global
community).

Answer 30

Macrosystems

Question 32

the historical context in which these experiences occur

Answer 32

Chronosystems