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paper 3 > issues, debates and perspectives > Flashcards

issues, debates and perspectives Flashcards

1
Q

individual explanations?

A

looks to factors within individuals to explain their behaviour

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2
Q

situational explanations?

A

looks to factors beyond the individual to explain behaviour

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3
Q

areas of socially sensitive research?

A

harm

stigma

political consequence

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4
Q

positions of the ethical considerations debate?

A

being totally ethical

doing valid research

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5
Q

reductionism?

A

process of studying and breaking down complex behaviours to focus on the influence of single factors

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6
Q

holism?

A

considers the interacting factors, assuming that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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7
Q

individual explanation: psych & the courtroom?

A

when a witness who is confident in their testimony is more likely to influence the jury

penrod & cutler

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8
Q

individual explanation: crime prevention?

A

zero tolerance policing’s reduction in crime could reflect an increase in the resident’s self restraint

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9
Q

individual explanation: historical context of mental illness?

A

mental health is most often considered an individual difference

suggesting an individual explanation for what we call mental illness

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10
Q

individual explanation: alternatives to the medical model?

A

cognitive explanation

more individual than the behaviourist

considers how people’s cognitive processes work differently, leading to cognitive distortions

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11
Q

individual explanation: impact of advertising on children?

A

social learning theory emphasises the importance of a child’s cognitive processes and expectations when it comes to determining how they will respond to an advert

only taking on what is seen as appropriate

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12
Q

individual explanation: pre-adult brain development?

A

brain structure and function has an obvious role

eg. an individual who is an adult has less activity in the ventral striatum so gambles differently to an adolescent

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13
Q

situational explanation: psych and the courtroom?

A

from jury’s point of view, their decision is based on characteristics of others who are part of the environment

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14
Q

situational explanation: crime prevention?

A

physical and social disorder, both of which are situational factors, make an area more vulnerable to crime

success of zero tolerance policing supports situational approach

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15
Q

situational explanation: historical context?

A

rosenhan points out how the situation of having a diagnosis led to otherwise normal behaviours being interpreted as symptoms

also gives situational explanation for depersonalisation and powerlessness felt by patients

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16
Q

situational explanation: alternatives to the medical model?

A

behaviourism’s conditioning (classical, operant, slt) support a situational explanation

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17
Q

situational explanation: impact of advertising on children?

A

social learning theory leads to a situational explanation as behaviour is modelled on what is experienced in the child’s environment

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18
Q

situational explanation: pre-adult brain development?

A

situational factors such as abuse/neglect as a child can lead to more risk taking as an adolescent as they have different levels of serotonin

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19
Q

social sensitivity: psych and the courtroom?

A

research often highlights points of prejudice and discrimination

dixon et al points out how black individuals with brummie accents are more likely to be seen as guilty

sigall and ostrove points out how attractive individuals receive lighter sentences

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20
Q

social sensitivity: crime prevention?

A

zero tolerance policing can disproportionately affect black individuals

stop and search measures most likely to affect young black men

(9x more likely to be stopped)

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21
Q

social sensitivity: historical context?

A

rosenhan’s study could possibly be used to harm the mentally ill by allowing their symptoms to be ignored

or be used to eradicate important measures for the mentally ill politically

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22
Q

social sensitivity: alternatives to the medical model?

A

therapies such as cbt allow the patient to regain control of their reality

however szasz’s work could be used to invalidate the mentally ill and cause them harm

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23
Q

social sensitivity: impact of advertising on children?

A

attacking two areas of sensitivity: gender differences and advertisers rights

research could be swarmed by the media and politicians for their own agendas

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24
Q

social sensitivity: pre-adult brain development?

A

research can be used politically to better understand how to prevent adolescents from harm via engaging in risk taking behaviour, such as graduated drivers licenses

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25
Q

ethical considerations: psych and the courtroom?

A

content ps exposed to may be distressing for mock trials

however far less distressing than in a real trial

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26
Q

nature?

A

suggests all behaviour is determined by hereditary factors

27
Q

nurture?

A

suggests all behaviour is learned or acquired from interactions with the environment

28
Q

usefulness of research?

A

research should have practical benefits or add to our understanding/knowledge to develop theories for future research

a lack of credibility or application to the real world indicates limited usefulness

29
Q

ethnocentrism: psych & the courtroom?

A

other cultures may not have the same kind of stereotypes from a regional accent alone

the halo effect could also be argued to be a western problem, and if not the beauty standards are vastly different

30
Q

sampling bias: psych & the courtroom?

A

use of students as mock jurors creates problems as they aren’t experienced in the true courtroom setting

and may be lacking the life experience to judge someone above superficial factors such as attractiveness

31
Q

ethical considerations: crime prevention?

A

studies (wilson & kelling, zimbardo) take place in the field, no deceit

residents of palo alto, the bronx and newark weren’t manipulated or harmed

32
Q

ethical considerations: historical context?

A

rosenhan raises ethical issues associated with mental illness such as the poor treatment of patients, the unreliability of diagnosis and labelling

but the research itself is also unethical in its deception and how it placed the pseudo-patients (expt 1) and the real patients (expt 2) at risk

33
Q

ethical considerations: alternatives to the medical model?

A

watson and rayner is unethical in giving little albert a phobia

cognitive approach could be seen to be blaming the patient for their illness

34
Q

ethical considerations: impact of advertising on children?

A

research is respectful, responsible, competent and has integrity

35
Q

ethical considerations: pre-adult brain development?

A

research has integrity and is respectful, competent and responsible

little deceit, and ps all leave with more money than they came in with

assent given by adolescents and consent from parents and adults

36
Q

reductionism/holism: psych & the courtroom?

A

dixon et al looks at multiple aspects of an individual that could affect their perceived guilt (race, accent, crime type) creating a more holistic approach

stewart and sigall and ostrove only looked at attractiveness, reductionist as only considering one feature

penrod & cutler, only confidence

37
Q

reductionism/holism: crime prevention?

A

newman disregarded other features such as economic well being focusing only on architecture when determining what increased crime

attributing ztp with crime reduction in a complex urban environment could be seen as reductionist as it ignores other factors

38
Q

reductionism/holism: historical context?

A

definitions of abnormality vary in their reductionism, with statistical infrequency at the extreme, and failure to function adequately being more holistic

dsm-5 is fairly holistic as it requires a range of symptoms and also other factors of the individuals life to be considered before a diagnosis

39
Q

reductionism/holism: alternatives to the medical model?

A

behaviourism is reductionist, reducing disorders to associations, rewards and imitation

cognitivism considers distortions as well as early life experiences, making it more holistic

40
Q

reductionism/holism: impact of advertising on children?

A

slightly holistic in how it considers childrens preconceived expectations on whether they will imitate a behaviour, but overall pretty reductionist

41
Q

reductionism/holism: pre-adult brain development?

A

attempt to explain complexities of adolescents through brain structure and function is reductionist

but also considers experiences such as abuse and neglect on synaptogenesis which adds a holistic element

42
Q

nature/nurture: psych & the courtroom?

A

emphasis on nurture when it comes to how someone is presenting themselves

however is manipulation of appearance isn’t possible (nature?) then expert witness good idea

43
Q

nature/nurture: crime prevention?

A

the reduction in crime when physical and social disorder is controlled suggests a nurture explanation

that behaviour is a product of the environment

44
Q

nature/nurture: historical context?

A

rosenhan highlights how a label can be all that’s needed to find disordered behaviour in an individual

definitions of abnormality differ in their nature/nurture bias

45
Q

nature/nurture: alternatives to the medical model?

A

behaviourism supports nurture

46
Q

nature/nature: impact of advertising on children?

A

children learn what are acceptable gender roles through advertising, supporting nurture

however a nature approach could be adopted by attributing stereotypical gender roles biological causes

47
Q

nature/nurture: pre-adult brain development?

A

brain function and structure such as synaptic pruning and the ventral striatum have key roles, nature

but environmental influences such as abuse/neglect in childhood also have an obvious role

48
Q

usefulness of research: psych & the courtroom?

A

useful in making sure jurors don’t make choices on factors that aren’t relevant to the defendant or eyewitnesses credibility/guilt

eg. presentation of defendants and expert witnesses

49
Q

usefulness of research: crime prevention?

A

brings social benefit to neighbourhoods, improves quality of life in affected areas

however issues in validity and reliability can cause problems in real life

50
Q

usefulness of research: historical context?

A

as well as pointing out issues in the mental health system of 1970s america, rosenhan also provided solutions

increases usefulness

51
Q

usefulness of research: alternatives to the medical model?

A

behaviourism is useful for specific phobias, but not for other illnesses

cognitivism is useful in that it gives the patient a chance to help themselves, but could be seen to imply that the patient is responsible and is reductionist in rejecting biological factors

52
Q

usefulness of research: impact of advertising on children?

A

gives parents the chance to monitor the stereotypes their children are digesting and perhaps balance them better

advertisers may also decide that perpetuating these stereotypes is less important than the extra profit gained from them

53
Q

usefulness of research: pre-adult brain development?

A

the lack of ecological validity in gambling task compared to real life risk taking behaviours reduces usefulness

however it has still led to further insight and precautions when it comes to adolescents risk taking behaviours

54
Q

ethnocentrism: crime prevention?

A

while ztp has proven to be successful in both america and england, it could be that this wouldn’t universalise to collectivistic cultures

55
Q

ethnocentrism: historical context?

A

rosenhan’s study is ethnocentric, only studying mental hospitals in the US

definitions of mental illness tend to be approached from a western perspective

diagnostic systems also tend to be west focused, but may include disorders from other cultures (eg. koro)

56
Q

ethnocentrism: alternatives to the medical model?

A

szasz’s critique is based on the US view of mental illness, meaning that the relationship with it may be specific to the US

for example, the politicization may only be relevant in the US climate of politics and healthcare q

57
Q

ethnocentrism: impact of advertising on children?

A

USA is the pinnacle of capitalism, so same hyper consumer culture may not be generalisable

gender stereotypes are also not universal, with even similar cultures differing slightly

58
Q

ethnocentrism: pre-adult brain development?

A

seeing risk taking as a call for independence could be seen as very western

in collectivistic cultures often the group is prioritised over the individual

59
Q

sampling bias: crime prevention?

A

zimbardo’s use of two areas is beneficial, but findings may not be generalisable to cities that are less affluent than palo alto but better off than the bronx

60
Q

sampling bias: historical context?

A

range of hospitals used in rosenhan good, but all in US

other countries protocols surrounding the mental ill differ to those in the US

there are also problems due to the difference between dsm-2 and dsm-5

61
Q

sampling bias: alternatives to the medical model?

A

watson and rayner’s discoveries may not be generalisable as little albert is only one person

62
Q

sampling bias: impact of advertising on children?

A

only cartoons used which aren’t the only programs children watch

may also be watching adult programs which feature different stereotypes

other mainstream channels not studied that were subscription only

63
Q

sampling bias: pre-adult brain development?

A

volunteers may be more inclined to risk taking

also putting an age bracket on adolescents is risky as it may not be so defianable

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