crime prevention

Question 1

highrise features perfect for crime?

Answer 1

stairwells, balconies, landings, corridors, integral car parks, lift lobbies, communal gardens

Question 2

defensible space theory?

Answer 2

oscar newman, american architect

lack of ownership of communal spaces in modern housing leads to crime

Question 3

newman’s four environmental factors to deter crime?

Answer 3

territoriality - sense of ownership, boundary markers

natural surveillance - residents can see happening of neighbourhood

image - regular maintenance and improving appearance of buildings to increase pride

surroundings - creating a sense of community, with family facilities and improving surveillance

Question 4

study on physical disorder?

Answer 4

zimbardo abandoned two cars, bonnets up, no number plates, one in the bronx, one in palo alto

after 10 mins in the bronx parts were being stolen and after three days nothing of value was left

in palo alto, it was untouched over a week later. zimbardo smashed part with a sledgehammer and them within hours it is on roof, demolished

Question 5

zero tolerance policing?

Answer 5

prioritises smaller crime to prevent escalation and rise of anti-social norms

believes this will lead to reduction in serious crime

Question 6

zero tolerance policing: new york city?

Answer 6

1994 - world leader in crime

new policing commissioner changed focus to be on minimizing crimes that negatively impact quality of life

emphasis primarily on low level crime

7000 officers recruited, many for foot patrol

37% overall drop, 50% drop in homicide

Question 7

zero tolerance policing: hartlepool?

Answer 7

1994 - saw 12 years of worsening crime figures, overall crime doubled, burglary tripled

malton introduced zero tolerance, regaining streets on behalf of and with consent of citizens

officers trained to show compassion and tolerance but not ignore anti-social behaviour

officers knew low level offenders who were confronted and could address young offenders early. minor offences provided intel on more serious ones

overall dropped by 27% in two years

Question 8

wilson & kelling aim?

Answer 8

to outline how neighbourhood features can change crime rates

how the police’s role has changed

strategies for maintaining order

understand the public’s fears

Question 9

wilson & kelling foot patrols?

Answer 9

officers could recognise ‘regulars’ and ‘strangers’

regulars know their place and officers wary of strangers

no longer physical barrier between the police and the public, now open and approachable

Question 10

wilson & kelling broken windows?

Answer 10

neglected property sets the tone for interaction with the community

this disorder triggers fear in the residents, leaving them unable to challenge disorder or casually observe

this allows for a rise in crime as community surveillance and ability to call the police acts as deterrent

Question 11

wilson & kelling police’s changing role?

Answer 11

once focused on keeping order, now must solve crimes too

this leads to low level crime being ignored, leading to a sense of disorder

Question 12

wilson & kelling implications and suggestions?

Answer 12

officers should be assigned to neighbourhoods on the brink of disorder and maintaining order with zero tolerance policing

community is helpful, but only with police backing

Question 13

situational crime prevention?

Answer 13

target hardening (bike locks, car immobiliser)

denying benefits (dye tagging, fluorescent inking)

creating defensible space (controlling entry, fencing)

increasing risk of detection (visible burglar alarms, neighbourhood watch)

Question 14

alleygating?

Answer 14

liverpool

deprived area of back-to-back terraced housing with badly lit alleys

lockable alley gates denied opportunities for criminals with more than 5500 installed from 2000

burglaries fell by 37% and 20% more people felt safe in their homes, leading to increased surveillance. also reduction in vandalism and graffiti