Issues and Debates Y13

Question 1

Culture bias

Trigger words.

• To judge all
• Your own
• What does this do?

Answer 1

The tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions. This distorts or biases your judgement.

Question 2

Ethnocentrism

• Ones own..
• Believe that this is..

Answer 2

Seeing the world only from one’s own cultural prespective, and believing that this one prespective is normal and correct.

Question 3

Cultural Relativism

Trigger words:

• behaviour
• Understood
• Only if CC

Answer 3

Insists that behaviour can be properly understood only if the cultural context is taken into consideration

Question 4

Alpha bias

Trigger words:

• Theory
• Different

Answer 4

Occurs when a theory assumes that cultural groups profoundly different

Question 5

Beta bias

Trigger words:

• ignored
• the same
• Univeral

Answer 5

Occurs when real cultural differences are ignored or minimised, and all people are assumed to be the same, resulting in universal research designs and conclusions

Question 6

Culture-bound syndrome

Trigger words:

• Signs and symptoms
• Restricted
• limited
• Psychosocial social

Answer 6

a collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a limited number of cultures by reason of certain psychosocial features

Question 7

Determinism

• no place
  -Explanaing
• Predictable
  I & Ex

Answer 7

Free will has no place in explaning behaviour, thereforce behaviour is predictable due to internal + external forces.

Question 8

Hard determinism

Trigger words:

• free will
• Always
• out of our control

Answer 8

Free will is not possible as our behaviour is always caused by internal + external factors that are out of our control.

Question 9

Soft determinism

• All
• conscious

Answer 9

All behaviour can also be determined by conscious and choices and our free will.

Question 10

Biological determinism

• Human
• innate

Answer 10

refers to the idea that all human behaviour is innate and determined by genes.

Question 11

Environmental determinism

• Behaviour
• forces

Answer 11

is the view that behaviour is determined or caused by forces outside the individual.

Question 12

Psychic determinism

• Childhood experiences
• Innate drives

Answer 12

Claims that human behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and innate drives (ID, Ego and Superego), as in Freud’s model of psychological development.

Question 13

Ethical implication of socially sensitive research

Question 14

Socially sensitive research

• Social conseqeunce 4 who?
• Represent

Answer 14

Any research that might have a direct social consequence for the participants in the research or group that they may represent.

Question 15

Sieber and Stanley (1988)

• Term
• ## Potential SC

Answer 15

Used the term social sensitivity to describe studies where there are potential social consequence for the participants or the group of people represented by the research

Question 16

Migram’s (1963) research

• Consider whether…?
• What happened to the p’s and why?
• What did the experiment cause?
• What happened to the p’s after the experiment.
• What did they do a year later.

Answer 16

• Need to consider whether the ‘ends justify the means’.
• P’s were decevied and were unable to give fully informed consent.
• Experiment also caused distress and the particpants were told to continue.
• P’s were debried after the experiment and a follow-up interview took place a year later.

Question 17

Migram’s (1963) research outcome.

-Follow up

Answer 17

Follow up interviews suggested that the participants had suffered no long-term effects.

Question 18

Migram’s (1963) research Link sentence

Trigger Word:

• Justify the way?
• Why is it useful?
• Affects

Answer 18

It could be argued that the importance of the findings did justify the way the research was conducted, as. the research is useful to society in determining the factors that affect obidence.

Question 19

Bowlby’s theory of attachment

• Form what?
• What does this type of attachment affect their future
• Through what?

Answer 19

Suggest that children form special attachment bond, usually with their mother. (Must critical period.)

• He also suggested that this attachment bond affects their future relationships through an IWM

Question 20

What has Bowlby’s theory of attachment encourged?

• Women
• How could this make mothers feel?

Answer 20

The view that woman’s place is at home with her children.

• Could make some mother feel guility for wanting to return to work.

Question 21

Explain what psychologists mean by socially sensitive research. [2/3 mark]

Answer 21

Define Socially sensitve research,

Given an example.
Milgram.

Model Answer.

Any research that might have a direct social consequence for the participants in the research or group that they may represent.

For example Milgram’s (1963) research where participants were deceived and unable to give fully informed consent.

Question 22

Ethical guidelines

Trigger words

• A set of..
• How are they made by?
• Why does it help psychologists do?

Answer 22

A set of principles set out by BPS (British psychological society) to help psychologists behave honestly and integrity.

Question 23

Ethical issues

• When does these issues come?
• When there is..
• rights of p’s .. of..

Answer 23

Issues that arise when there is conflict between the rights of the participant and the aims of the research.

Question 24

Ethical implications

• Condering the impact of??
• Not just what?

Answer 24

Consider the impact or the consequences the research has on other people in a wider context, not just the participants taking part in the research.

Question 25

Cyril Burt

What studies did he use?
What report did his views?

Answer 25

• Used studies of identical twins to support that intelligence is largely genetic.
• His views greatly influenced the Hadow report (1926) which led to the creation of 11+ which was used 1944-1976.

Question 26

Give an example of research that is social sensitive,

Answer 26

Milgram’s (1963) research

Question 27

Give an example of a theory that is socially sensitive.

Answer 27

Bowlby’s Theory of attach that suggests that children form one speical attachment bond, usually with their mothers.

Question 28

Briefly explain how the research could have dealt with the issue of social sensitivity.

Answer 28

Methodology used:

• Confidentiality and anonymity
• Application of finding whether it has a negative impact on individuals.

Question 29

Suggest two ways in which researchers might reduce cultural bias in their research. [2 marks]

Answer 29

• use researchers who are native to/familiar with in the culture being investigated
• be sensitive to cultural norms/standards when designing research/when reporting findings

Question 30

Which two of the following are examples of ethnocentrism? Write the two correct letters in your answer book.

When a Chinese researcher:

[2 marks]

Answer 30

C. Expects people from other countries to behave in the same way as people from China.

D. thinks that people from China are superior to people from other countries.

Question 31

Psych determinism

Answer 31

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality suggests that adut behaviour is determined by a mix of innate drives and early experience. i.e both internal and external forces.