Attachment Flashcards

Question

Institutionalisation

Answer 1

The effect of instituional care. The term can be applied widley to the ffect of an institution but our concern focuses specifically on how time spent in an insituation such as an orphange can affect the development of a child

Answer 2

A mental model of the world which enables indivduals to predict and control their enviorment. In the case of attachment the model relates to a persons expecations about relationships.

Answer 3

An ethologist studying animal behaviour under relatively natural conditions.

Answer 4

Took a clutch of gosling eggs and divided them into two groups. One group was left with their natural mother while the other eggs were placed in an incubator. When the incubator eggs hatched the first living thing they saw was Lorenzo and they soon started following him.

Answer 5

The goslings quickly divided themeselves up, one following their natural mother and the other following Lorenzo. Lorenzo's brood shows no recongition of their natural mother.

Answer 6

Noted several features of imprinting, ege that the process is irreversibe and long lasting. He describe how one of these geese who imprinted on him, called martina used to sleep on his bed every night..

Answer 7

He also noted that this early imprinting had an effect on later mate preferences, calledd sexual imprinting. Animals (Especially birds) will choose to mate with the same kind of object upon whic they were imprinted.

Answer 8

Conducted landmark research on attachment. Named his report 'The origins of love and sought' to demonstartate that mother love was not based on the feeding bond between mother and infant as predicted by learning theory.

Answer 9

Harlow creared two wire mothers each with a different 'head'. One wire mother additonally was wrapped in soft cloth. 8 infant rehsus monkey were studied for a period of 165 days. For 4 monkeys the milk bottle was on the cloth-covered mother and on the plain wire'mother' for the other 4 monkeys.

Answer 10

- All 8 monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth-covered mother whether or not this mother had a feeding bottle. Those monkeys who fed from the wire mother ony spent a short amount of time getting milk then returned to the cloth-covered mother. When frightened, all monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother, and when playing with new objects the monkeys often kept one foot on the cloth covered mother for reassurance. Findings suggest that infants fo not develop an attachment to the person who feeds them but to the person offering the comfort.

Answer 11

Later on the rhesus monkeys noted many consequences of their early attachment experiences and the motherless monkeys were sociallt abnormally even when they had contact comfort.

Answer 12

Those monkeys who fed from the wire mother ony spent a short amount of time getting milk then returned to the cloth-covered mother.

Answer 13

When frightened, all monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother, and when playing with new objects the monkeys often kept one foot on the cloth covered mother for reassurance. Suggests that monkey

Answer 14

Infants do not develop an attachment to the person who feeds them but the person offering contact comfort

Answer 15

- affords the opportunity for control of extraneous variables. - E.g can control the setting which may change affect the results. - the studies could easily be replicated so easy test for reliability - Fairly quick to conduct which means that many observations can take place within a short amount of time. - large sample = resulting in the findings being representative and having the ability to be generalized to a large population.

Answer 16

1. delayed language development | 2. delayed physical development, eg restricted growth

Answer 17

Refers to the effects of growing up in an orphanage or children’s home. Children who are raised in these institutions often suffer from a lack of emotional care, which means that children are unable to form attachments.

Answer 18

In van Ijzendoorn's cross-cultural investigations of attachment, which one of the following attachment types was found to be most common in all of the countries investigated? Shade one box only. A Anxious-avoidant B Anxious-resistant C Disorganised D Secure

Answer 19

Adults and babies respond in time to sustain communication

Answer 20

reciprocity - 'Tasneem smiles, Aisha smiles back...'

Answer 21

'...as if they are one person..'/ '...perfectly in time with each other..'

Answer 22

Interaction flows both ways between adult and infanti

Answer 23

- Allow researcher/obserbers to tally observations into prearranged groupings - Allow for more objective/scientific data recordings - could result in greater reliability - enable proposal of testable hypothesis

Answer 24

Responding to action of another with a similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner.

Answer 25

Showed that from birth babies move in a rhythm when interacting with an adult almost as if they were taking turns, as people when having a conversation.

Answer 26

Interaction becomes more frequent and reciprocal from 3mths old, therefore reciprocity develops with age.

Answer 27

Observed 30 mothers and infants interactions and assessed degree of synchrony. Also assessed quality of mother-infant attachments. = high levels of synchrony assoc. with high quality attachments.

Answer 28

-Study was conducted using an adult model who displayed one of three facial expressions or hand movements where the fingers moved in a sequence. This suggests that imitation behaviour is perhaps not learnt but instead must be an innate response.s

Answer 29

They found that theory was an association between the infant behaviour and that of the adult model and even later concluded in another study that this synchronised behaviour was evident in infants only three days old.

Answer 30

That Iimitation behaviour is perhaps not learnt but instead must be an innate response.s

Answer 31

Meltzoff describes this as a three way process where infants identify their imitation, associate their own acts, and then project their own internal experiences onto others performing similar acts.

Answer 32

This shows that infants are able to acquire an understanding of what people are thinking or feeling, thus supporting the ‘theory of mind’.

Answer 33

As it demonstrates the value of research as a fundamental part of conducting social relationships.

Answer 34

couldn't distinguish l from videotaped interactions with their mother, suggesting that infants are not actually responding to the adult

Answer 35

This shows that there is a problem with the procedure rather than the ability of infants to imitate their caregiver, suggesting there is an inadequate amount of replicated studies surrounding research into infant and caregiver interactions.

Answer 36

This implies that there is a lack of reliability within the studies.

Answer 37

Define Reciprocity (AO1) Define interactional synchrony (AO1) Give a study of Reciprocity (AO1) What it suggests (AO1) Give a study of Interactional synchrony (AO3) What it suggests (AO1) Give a study of Reciprocity strength/Limitation (AO3)

Answer 38

Discuss Lorenzo & Harlow study Implications of Animal Studies of Attachment Evaluating Animal Studies of Attachment Important practical application

Answer 39

States that, on a biological level at least, all mammals (including rhesus monkeys) have the same brain structure as humans; the only differences relates to size and the number of connections.

Answer 40

It is questionable whether findings and conclusions can be extrapolated and applied to complex human behaviours. It is unlikely that observations of goslings following a researcher or rhesus monkeys clinging to cloth-covered wire models reflects the emotional connections and interaction that characterises human attachments.

Answer 41

Research is unethical The use of animals in research can be questioned on ethical grounds. It could be argued that animals have a right not to be researched/ harmed. The pursuit of academic conclusions for human benefits could be seen as detrimental to non-human species.

Answer 42

Koepke et al (1983) failed to replicate Meltzoff and Moore’s findings due to the fact it was less carefully controlled. However, Marian et al. (1996) replicated the study by Murray and Trevarthen and found that infants couldn't distinguish l from videotaped interactions with their mother, suggesting that infants are not actually responding to the adult. • research may be socially sensitive, eg implications for working mothe

Answer 43

A strength is that controlled observations often capture fine details as they are generally well-controlled procedures. EVIDENCE/EXAMPLE: For example, both the mother and the infant are filmed, often from multiple angles, this ensures that fine details of behaviour can be recorded and later analysed. Furthermore, babies are unaware that they are being observed so their behaviour does not change in response to controlled observations which is generally a problem for observational research. EVALUATION: This is positive because it means that in general the research has high internal validity — it is measuring what it is intending to measure. Weaknesses:

Answer 44

- Delayed intellectual development – Anca may struggle more at school than other children, concepts as quickly * disinhibited attachment – Anca may not know what counts as ‘appropriate’ behaviour towards strangers * emotional development – Anca may experience more temper tantrums, etc. * lack of internal working model – Anca may have difficulty interacting with peers, forming close relationships, etc. * Anca may have been adopted before the age of 6 months and therefore and effects may not be as severe/long term had she been adopted later

Answer 45

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) – credit knowledge of individual percentages and more general pattern of findings; more variation within countries than between countries • Simonelli et al (2014) – lower rates of secure attachment and higher rates of insecure-avoidant in Italian study attributed to long working hours • Kyoung (2005) – details of comparison between US and Korean children • Sagi et al (1991) – high rates of insecure-resistant attachments in Israeli children meta-analyses include very large samples increasing validity of findings • discussion of more variation within countries than between countries • samples in studies may not represent the culture as a whole • strange situation may be biased towards American/British culture • more general methodological/ethical criticisms of the strange situation must be linked to the findings of research into cultural variations for credit.

Answer 46

Meta-analysis summarized findings from 8 countries, The meta- analysis examined 32 studies and consulted nearly 2000 Strange Situation classifications in total.

Answer 47

UK, US, Sweden, Japan, China, Holland, Germany & Israel.

Answer 48

- Average findings were consistent with Ainsworth’s original research = Secure 65% - Avoidant 21% - Resistant 14% Intra-cultural variation was nearly 15 times greater than the cross-cultural variations. Van Ijzendoorn speculated that this was linked to differences in socio-economic factors and levels of stress that varied between samples used within each country. 6/8 countries produced findings that were proportionally consistent with Ainsworth & Bell (70). Japan & Israel revealed a higher incidence of resistant than avoidant children. Chinese findings revealed the lowest rate of secure attachments (50%) with the remaining children falling into the other categories equally. It was concluded that the modest cross-cultural differences reflect the effects of mass media, which portrays similar notions of parenting.

Answer 49

Comparison is aided by the standardised methodology. The use of the strange situation as a procedure means that a comparison can be made across cultures, and the reliability is therefore high

Answer 50

Recognised that data from less Western-oriented cultures were required to establish a more global perspective attachment classifications, pointing out that Africa, South America, and Eastern European socialist countries were not represented.

Answer 51

As a disproportionately high number of the studies reviewed were conducted in the USA (18/32), the overall findings would have been distorted by these. This means that the apparent consistency between cultures might not genuinely reflect how much attachment types vary between cultures.

Answer 52

Cross-cultural research using the Strange Situation judges and categorises infant behaviour according to behavioural categories that were developed following observations of middle-class American infants. This means that when researchers interpret non-American infant behaviour, it is being judged against an American standard. Eg. an infant exploring the playroom by themselves would be classed as avoidant based on American standards but is valued as reflecting independence in Germany

Answer 53

* The beginnings of attachment * Discriminate attachment * Multiple attachment stage

Answer 54

A Extreme stranger anxiety | C Low willingness to explore the new environment

Answer 55

Systematic desensitisation: • based on classical conditioning – counterconditioning • relaxation training – fear and relaxation cannot coexist (reciprocal inhibition) • formation of anxiety hierarchy • gradual exposure (stepped approach) leading to eventual extinction.

Answer 56

* Immediate exposure to phobic stimulus * exhaustion of phobic response * prevention of avoidance

Answer 57

- Not biologically equipped to form attachments] - 'Playmate role' - Sensitve responsiveness

Answer 58

Fathers play interactions are more exciting than mothers

Answer 59

Fathers are unable to detect low level infant distress | Biological determinism

Answer 60

Fathers form secure attachments when in intimate marriages

Answer 61

Schaffer and Emerson - Father less likely to be primary attachment figures Bowlby (1951) - consequenes of absent father Lamb et al. (1987) - role of the father is complex; engagement (direct interaction)