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Psychology > Issues and Debates > Flashcards

Issues and Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is universality?

A
  • Any characteristic of a person that can be applied to all humans
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2
Q

What is Bias?

A
  • unconscious schemas and prejudices have towards certain groups
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3
Q

What is Alpha Bias?

+ Example

A
  • Theories that suggest there are real differences between men and women -> May enhance or undervalue either set
  • Gender Bias -> Men stronger than women
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4
Q

What is Beta Bias?

+ Example

A
  • Theories that ignore or minimise differences between the sexes
  • Kohlberg’s theory of maternal deprivation
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5
Q

What is Androcentrism?

A
  • When ‘normal’ behaviour is judged according to a male standard
    -> Female behaviour often considered ‘abnormal’
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6
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

+ Example

A
  • Judging other cultures based on standards of your own culture
    -> Extreme form can be thinking one’s own culture is superior
  • Ainsworth strange situation -> Criticised for reflecting only American Cultures
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7
Q

What is Cultural relativism?

+ Example

A
  • Idea that specific behaviours are only considered normal in a specific culture that it originates from.
  • John Berry arguing that Ainsworth imposed cultures only considered normal in America in her research
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8
Q

What is Determinism?

A
  • The view that free will is an illusion and that our behaviour is governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control
    -> Our behaviour is viewed as predictable
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9
Q

What is Hard Determinism?

A
  • View that forces outside our control (E.g biology or past experiences) shape our behaviour.
    -> Hard Determinism seen as incompatible with free will
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10
Q

What is Soft Determinism?

A
  • View that behaviour us constrained by environment or biological make-up, but only to a certain extent and that there is an element of free will in all behaviour
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11
Q

What is Biological Determinism?

A
  • Idea that all human behaviour is innate and determined by genes
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12
Q

What is Environmental Determinism?

A
  • View that behaviour is caused by forces outside the individual
    -> therefore behaviour is caused by previous experience learned through classical and operant conditioning
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13
Q

What is Psychic Determinism?

A
  • Human behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and innate drives (ID, Ego, Superego) as in Freud’s model of psychological development
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14
Q

What is Free Will?

A
  • Idea that we can play an active role and have choice in how we behave.
  • Assumption is that individuals are free to choose their behaviour and are self-determined
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15
Q

What is Holism?

A
  • Human behaviour should be viewed as a whole integrated experience, and not as separate parts
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16
Q

What is Reductionism?

A
  • Belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into simpler component parts.
    There are 3 levels:
  • Social and cultural Explanations
  • Psychological Explanations
  • Biological Explanations
17
Q

What is biological Reductionism?

A
  • Behaviour is reduced to a physical level and explained in terms of neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, brain structure, etc.
18
Q

What is Environmental Reductionism?

A
  • Stimulus-response reductionism
  • Behaviour can be reduced to the simple building blocks of S-R (Stimulus-response) associations
19
Q

What are the 2 parts of psychology that explain Holism?

A
  • Gestalt Psychology
  • Humanistic Psychology
20
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A
  • When we perceive something in the real world, we do so as a whole rather than a collection of bits and pieces
21
Q

What is Humanistic Psychology in relation to Holism?

A
  • Humans react to stimuli as an organised whole, rather than a set of stimulus-response links.
  • Uses qualitative methods to investigate all aspects of the individual, as well as interactions between people.
22
Q

What is Eurocentrism?

A
  • Form of Cultural bias where emphasis is paid on European or Western theories. Most psychologists are European/ American and their theories are taken to be universal descriptions of human behaviour as if culture makes no difference
23
Q

What are Collectivist cultures?

A
  • Refers to cultures such as India and China that are said to be more conformist and group-orientated
24
Q

What is Cultural Bias?

A
  • Overlooking cultural differences by looking at human behaviour from the perspective of your own culture
25
Q

What is an Etic approach to cultures?

A
  • Studying behaviour across many cultures in order to find universal human behaviours
26
Q

What are Culture Bound Syndromes?

A
  • Groups of syndromes classified as treatable illnesses in certain cultures that are not recognised as such in the west
27
Q

What is an Emic approach to cultures?

A
  • Studying cultures in isolation by identifying behaviours that specific to that culture
28
Q

What is an individualist culture?

A
  • Refers to Western Countries (Like the US) that are thought to be more independent
29
Q

What is an imposed etic?

A
  • A test, measure or theory devised in one culture that is used to explain behaviour in another culture
30
Q

What is a Nomothetic approach?

A
  • Establishing general laws, based on the study of large groups of people

-> Methods of investigation:
- Experiments
- Correlational research
- Psychometric testing

-> Biological approach, Behavioural approach, Cognitive approach

31
Q

What is an Idiographic approach?

A
  • Focus on the individual and emphasise the unique personal experience of human nature

-> Methods of investigation:
- Case studies
- unstructured interviews
- Thematic analysis

-> Humanist approach

32
Q

What is Nativism?

A
  • Humans are born with innate characteristics that they cannot change
33
Q

What is Empiricism?

A
  • Believe in Tabula Rasa = Our behaviours are shaped by the environment we are in
34
Q

What is the Heritability Coefficient? (Nature/ Nurture)

A
  • A number between 0 and 1 used to assess the extent to which a characteristic has a genetic basis
35
Q

What are concordance rates?

A
  • The similarity of behaviours measured
    ->E.g between twins
36
Q

What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?

A
  • biological vulnerability to a behaviour is triggered by an environmental factor/ stressor
37
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A
  • The study of how your behaviours and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
38
Q

What are ‘Ethical Implications’?

A
  • The consideration of the impact or consequences that psychological research has on the rights of other people in a wider context, not just the participants taking part in the research
39
Q

What is Socially Sensitive research?

A
  • Research in which there are potential social consequences for either the participant or class/group of people represented in the study

Psychology (10 decks)

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