approaches Flashcards
Define the Biological Approach to Psychology
- Behaviour is caused by nervous and hormonal factors, such as serotonin and testosterone
- Our genes lead to some conditions, but others need to be triggered by events or conditions in our lives
Define the behavioural Approach to Psychology
- Humans are born as blank slates and all behaviour is learned
- Behaviour can be explained through observational learning followed by direct reinforcement .
- Behaviour changes through classical and operant conditioning
Define the Cognitive Approach to Psychology
- The mind is represented through various models, such as theoretical or computer models
- Beliefs and expectations affect thoughts and behaviour
- Involves schema
Define the Social Learning Theory Approach to Psychology
- There are several meditational processes to learning such as motivation and motor reproduction
Define the Humanistic Approach to Psychology
- All Human beings are capable of personal growth
- All human beings have free will therefore their behaviour is not determined by internal and external forces
Define the Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology
- Our behaviour is a consequence of a combination of unconscious drives and early childhood experience.
- We use defence mechanisms to protect our ego and reduce anxiety = Repression, Denial, Displacement
- Has the ID and the Ego
Which Approaches are Reductionist
- Behavioural
- Biological
- Psychodynamic
- Social Learning Theory
- Cognitive
Which Approaches are Non-Reductionist
- Humanistic
Why is behavioural reductionist
- Reduces behaviour to stimulus and response
Why is Social Learning Theory Reductionist
Reduced to 4 meditational processes:
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
Why is Cognitive Reductionist
- Ignores emotion and motivation in processing information
Why is Biological Reductionist
- Says that all human behaviour can be explained through biological processes
- Means we are not all unique as individuals: dehumanisation
Why is Humanistic Non-Reductionist
- Realistic view of the world
- Can only understand a person by considering their whole experience
Why is Psychodynamic reductionist
- Our behaviour is driven by unconscious drives
- We have limited control over our development
Which approaches are Nature
- Biological
- 1/2 Cognitive
Which approaches are Nurture
- Behaviourist
- Social Learning Theory
- 1/2 Cognitive
- Psychodynamic
- Humanistic
Which researchers did experiments to support the behaviourist approach
- Pavlov and his Dogs
- Skinner’s rat box
What are Freuds Psychosexual stages of development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
What is a real world application of the Behaviourist approach
- Token Economy Systems
What is a real world application of the Psychodynamic approach
- Freud Dream Analysis
What is a real world application of the Humanistic approach
- Client centred therapy
What are the three ‘Selves’ in Carl Rogers’ focus of the self
- Self Concept: The self you feel you are
- Ideal Self: Self you wish to be
- Real Self: Person you actually are
What is Congruence when talking about the self
- Self Actualisation
- Ideal self and self concept are the same
- Through unconditional positive regard from someone who loves us for being ourselves
What are conditions of worth
- Requirements a person feels they need to have in order to be loved by somebody else
- Can be real or imagined = Conditional positive regard
Who were the 2 psychologists who developed the humanistic approach
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
What were Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
- Individuals born with ability to reach their potential
- We are active agents and make every effort to achieve our potential
- Personal growth involves fulfilling a series of needs in order to achieve self actualisation
- You must accomplish lower needs before you can achieve higher needs
- Not all people will achieve self actualisation
What does client centred therapy do
- Shows the patient unconditional positive regard
- Raise self esteem
What are the factors in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Self actualisation
- Esteem needs
- Love and Belonging
- Safety needs
- Psychological needs
What are some evaluations of the humanistic approach
+ Non-reductionist
- Limited application
+ Positive approach
- Untestable concepts
- Cultural bias
