ISOMERS Flashcards
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures.
Isomers
They all contain the same number of atoms of each element, yet they are arranged and bonded in different ways.
Isomers
C atom (bonds)
4 bonds
H atom (bonds)
1 bond
O or S atom (bonds)
2 bonds
Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) (bonds)
1 bond
N or P atom (bonds)
3 bonds
a simplified way of showing that a given substance is structurally different from another, although they have the same chemical formula, is by using the
The structural formula
Compounds with the same molecular formula but differ in structure.
Structural isomers
Organic compounds with the same formula, but the arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different.
Chain isomerism
Organic compounds with the same formula, but the arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different.
Chain isomerism
Occurs when the same functional groups are attached to different positions on a carbon chain.
Positional Isomerism
Occurs if different compounds are formed due to the different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups.
Functional Isomerism
Isomers that have the same structural connections, but the branches can probably differ in their location.
Stereoisomers
When an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by a new species.
Substitution
Involves the removal of 2 atoms or groups of atoms attached to 2 adjacent C atoms, resulting to the formation of a multiple bond and the release of by-product.
Elimination
When 2 atoms or groups of atoms attach to 2 adjacent C atoms, breaking a multiple bond between them.
Addition
Reaction of organic substances with oxygen that decomposes or breaks the substances into carbon dioxide and water.
Combustion of organic fuels
Combination or synthesis of a new, bigger molecule by combining two organic molecules.
Condensation
Breaking up a fat or a triglyceride by the addition of a base, NaOH. The process produces soap molecules, a long chain with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
Saponification of fats
A single chain of interconnected units called monomers.
Polymer
The formation of polymers occurs in nature and has also been duplicated in the manufacturing industry.
Polymerization
Where the monomers are prepared for bonding usually by the action of a catalyst. They are essentially activated in this stage.
Initiation Stage
Where the activated monomers attach to the bonding site of the next monomer, forming a continuous link.
Propagation Stage
Where the growing of the chain is stopped by the bonding or the last monomer with a free radical or a termination species.
Termination Stage
Carbon compounds with multiple bonds between the C atoms can be added to form a chain.
Addition Polymerization
Combining individual units is by the removal of small components.
Condensation Polymerization
