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History > -isms > Flashcards

-isms Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain Rationalism and when it was the most prominent and who were famous proponents.

A
  • View according to which knowledge is obtained through deductive reasoning on the basis of innate knowledge.
  • > 450 - 300 BC
  • > Plato, Descartes, Wolff, Kant
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2
Q

What is Nativism?

A

The philosophical position that the mind has innate knowledge.

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3
Q

Explain Mechanism and when it was the most prominent and who were famous proponents.

A

The universe works like one big mechanical machine and is possible to be explained using physics and chemistry

  • > 1600
  • > Descartes
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4
Q

Explain Dualism and when it was the most prominent and who were famous proponents.

A

View of mind-body relation according to which the mind is immaterial and independent of a body.

  • > 1600s
  • > Church, Descartes
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5
Q

Explain Scepticism and when it was the most prominent and who were famous proponents.

A

Questioning everything

  • > 1600s
  • > Descartes (Cartesian Scepticism)
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6
Q

Explain Determinism and who were famous proponents.

A

The belief that all events are determined completely by previous causes
-> Descartes

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7
Q

Explain Reductionism

A

group of ideas regarding the association between phenomena which can be described in terms of more basic phenomena.

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8
Q

Explain Empiricism and when it emerged and who were famous proponents.

A

View according to which knowledge s obtained using perception/observation and inductive reasoning. Denies innate knowledge and sees the human mind as a “Tabula Rasa”.

  • > Founded by Aristotle ca 300 BC
  • > Aristotle, Locke
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9
Q

Explain Idealism and who were famous proponents.

A
  • Experience is all there is and we have no access to a world other than the one consisting of our sensations.
  • Berkeley
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10
Q

Explain Positivism and who were famous proponents.

A

View that knowledge can only be obtained using the scientific method. Science is the motor of all progress.
-> Compte

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11
Q

Explain Functionalism and who were famous proponents.

A

Defining the mind in terms of its function

- James

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12
Q

Explain Structuralism and who were famous proponents.

A
  • Trying to discover the structure of the human mind with the use of introspection
  • Titchener
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13
Q

What is Animism?

A

Assigning human-like characteristics to everything to describe its workings.

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14
Q

What is Syllogism?

A

A form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given assumptions.

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15
Q

Explain Realism

A

Truth of knowledge is determined its corresponds with the real world.

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16
Q

What is Lamarckism?

A

Variation of evolutionary theory after which organisms acquire new characteristics through active adaptation to the environment.

17
Q

Explain Behaviorism and who were famous proponents.

A

A psychological movement arguing that observable behaviors are all that needs to be understood when trying to understand human psychology.
-> Watson, Thorndike, Pavlov, Hull

18
Q

What are subgroups of Behaviorism and their most famous proponents?

A
  • Purposive Behaviorism: Behavior is goal related and learning takes place even without reinforcement
  • > Tolmann
  • Radical Behaviorism: Everything is S-R-Associations
  • > Skinner
19
Q

What is Parallelism and who founded it?

A
  • > Another approach to the M-B-Problem
  • God created two chains of events occurring simultaneously
  • No interaction, but same time
  • Leibnitz
20
Q

According to Idealism, why do things continue to exist when they are not perceived?

A

God sees them.

21
Q

What is the difference between cartesian dualism and property dualism?

A

Cartesian Dualism: Brain and mental states are different substances
Property Dualism: There are no different substances, just different properties.

22
Q

Who was a famous promoter of neutral monism?

A

William James

23
Q

What is the general idea of Monism?

A

Functional = Phenomenal = Physical

History (10 decks)

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