Islamiyat PAPER 2

Question 1

hadith and sunnah

Answer 1

“hadith” originally means a tale , sorry, report or news. in the terminology of islamic literature it is defined as
“any narration that reports the words, deen, approval or disapproval of the holy prophet Muhammad”

“sunnah” exactly means “a trodden path”, a practice or a custom. however in islamic lit it means
what has been transmitted on the authority of the prophet, and includes his saying, practices and tacit approvals.

“taqrir” means that its and action were someone acted on something in a particular way and then this information came to the prophet and he either a provide it or silently denied it basically questions on ppls actions.

sunnah is the mode or the way of living the holy prophets like and hadith is the records of documented moments of what he said and practice. thus hadiths may not contain sunnah.

Question 2

components of a hadith

Answer 2

has two parts
sanad (chain)
and
matn (text)

sanad is the sequence of reports of the family tree who passed on and later reported the hadith. a single reporter is known as rawi and means that he hurd it directly from the prophet.

matn is the text and it checks the wordings of the hadith

Question 3

compilation of hadith during the prophets time

Answer 3

the prophet would teach companions the hadith in the following ways;
Al Qaul (Verbal teachings)
Al Fi’l (practical demonstration)
Al Taqir (Silent approval)

Question 4

al Qaul (verbal teachings)

Answer 4

is the first method of teaching the prophet used. the prophet would repeat important hadith 3 times and then ask the companions to repeat what they learned and understood from him.
Aisha reported that the prophet would never speak rapidly or in a hurry instead he would carefully speak each syllable so it was easy to memorize for the companions.
this verbal teaching also included all of the letters, instructions, treaties and other official documents.

Question 5

Al Fi’l (practical demonstration)

Answer 5

this is were the prophet would practically show the companions an act by actually doing it infront of him.

like wuzu and performing namaz/salah or how to perform hajj.

Question 6

Al Taqrir (silent approvals)

Answer 6

when the prophet explained to someone if there act was permissible or not at the time of the prophet he either approve or silently disapproving it.

Question 7

methods of preserving the hadith

Answer 7

memorising
discussion
practice
writing

a. memorising
the companions were very eager to follow the prophets ways. and devoted a high amount of time to memorising the hadith many left there homes to go to the masjid and hear the prophet repeat these ahadith they were known as “ashaab-al-suffah”.

the companions would memorising hundreds and thousands of hadith as at that time there memory level was quite high test conducted by the scribes on memory.

b. discussion
an example of this was on the prophet’s farewell sermon were the prophet said “those who are present should convey to those who are absent” thus those present should tell everything the prophet said to those who are absent.

thus people teaching others and sharing there knowledge on hadith in any period of time would be called the discussion were many people would gather and talk about hadith they memorized.

c. practice
when ever the prophet did something the companions would follow him in the same wait simulating his actions and learning how to do it them self like hajj or wudu or salah.

d. writing
after the companions would hear the hadith many of them would take the time to write it down at times the prophet would tell them to write it down or not thus they wrote it on paper tree barks and animal bones and more this was also the job of many scribe like zaid bin harith. “O my children, write down the text of hadith”

Question 8

compilation during the companions era 11-100 A.H

Answer 8

after the death of the holy prophet, there was a high interest in islam and the companions who knew the hadith directly from the prophet were slowly passing away they needed to preserve and protect it from corruption.
the expansion of islam empire meant that the hadith had been spreading outside of mecca a even arabia. and people flocked to read and learn about the prophet lifestyle and traditions thus instead of the new converts going from one person to another learning hadith it would be easier for them if the muslims compiled the hadith.

at this time the hadiths were constently memorised and repeated and reported by companions and soon the companions begain to confuse hadiths with the quranic text which was a big problem.

Question 9

compilation during the tabi’eens (follower of the companions era) 100-200 A.H

Answer 9

Alot of the memorise hadith at the prophets time had now been passed on and hadith were available at large volumes. thus caliph hazrat Umar bin abdul Aziz was thought it was the right time to begin the compilation of the hadith and he wrote letters to scholars of hadith all over the islamic empire to collect the hadiths from there people so that they can begin the task of compiling the hadith to make it available in book form for the muslims. after the hadith were collected the caliph officially appointed learned schoolers like Imam Muhammad Ibn Muslim Ibn Shibab al-Zuhri to compile books of ahadith.

Imam Zuhri was born in a quraysh family and would go to any person in madinah and record from that person about the events of the prophets life and had a number of ahadith thus after his death many camels were needed to transport his manuscripts.

the compliations made in this period do not exist today, having been incorporated into the larger collection of hadith that had been compiled later. this book did not have proper subject wise and chapter wise hadith and did not have proper headings later it was arranged in the book of imam malik.

Question 10

compilation during the taba tabi’een (follows of the followers)

Answer 10

golden age for the process of compilation of ahadith

the prophets ahadith were separated from the reports of the companions and followers

the authentic ahadith were very carefully and painstakingly sifted from the weak traditions and then were compiled into book form.

elaborated rules were framed and stipulations were devised to distinguish the true hadith from the false ones.

Question 11

type of ahadith of the prophet with categories

Answer 11

musnad
musannaf
jamiah
juzz

Question 12

musnad

Answer 12

Musnad means supported. and is the collection of ahadith that have sound links,traced back without interruption to one of the companions who can refer back to the prophet

Question 13

musannaf

Answer 13

musannaf means devieded up and the collection also known as “sunan” and are those ahadith that are arranged topic wise with respect to islamic jurisprudunce into chapters and sub chapteres per thier themes eg purity prayer fasting zakat etc

so it is easyer for the reader to find what topic they are looking for

Question 14

jamiah

Answer 14

ahadith in which all the chapters concerning the acts of idadah along with aqeedah and tafseer are found.

Question 15

Juzz

Answer 15

is the compilation of hadith in which all the ahadith concerning THE SAME TOPIC OR ONE TOPIC and narrated BY ONE SINGLE NARRATOR are compiled.

Question 16

methods to verify the authenticity of hadith

Answer 16

during the compilation of the ahadith the compiler had to use a method to verify the authenticity of hadith they did this by first checking it between each other since the main transmitters were rawis or singles.
the next era this was not there thus they still needed a way to verify the hadith they used sanad and matn to verify the hadiths.

first condition:
upon sanad and the character of each muslim included in the chain from the prophet meeting them all the way to the pass on of the ahadith and how the chain of narrators lived there life if they were prone to forgetting to committing crime etc.

matn being the test of the text checking if its delicate is correct if it doesn’t go against the quran and if it is in only arabic they were then put into categories.

Question 17

classification of hadith

Answer 17

2 categories
hadith-e-Qudsi
hadith-e-Nabwi

hadith-e-Qudsi
is the divine hadith or inspiration in which the sayings of allah are expressed only the inspiration which were revealed by allah and were put into words by the prophet himself. generally ahadith are traced back to the prophet however hadith-e-Qudsi they contain allah’s direct speech, so unlike all other tradition its authenticity can not be traced by way of the prophet by allah

hadith-e-Nabwi
is the hadith which contains the actual statement and the teaching of the prophet and what he did/performed there are numerous of these hadiths ranging from each topic of islam and it helps muslims understand more about islam and how to practice the teachings of the quran,

Question 18

classification of hadith on the basis of AUTHORITY

Answer 18

Qudsi (sacred)
marfu (elevated)
mawqut (stopped)
Maqtu (severed)

Question 19

classification of hadith on the basis of AUTHENTICITY

Answer 19

SAHIH (authentic)
hassan (approved)
ze’eek (week)
mawzu (fake)

Question 20

use of sunnah/hadith in legal thinking and its relationship with the qur’an, ijma and qiyas

Answer 20

the quran provides us with rulings through each aspects of our lives. Shariah includes the Quran and the sunnah/hadith of the prophet with the quran being the direct “word” of the Allah through problems in our life. on the other side the hadith/sunnah of the prophet serve as the second source of law. his sunnahs are not the only confirmed rulings of the quran however it gives detail over some of the concepts law and practices which a brief in the quran and ruling regarding what is not stated in the quran.

eg zakat and salah “establish prayer and give poor due” explained “pray as you see me praying”

the sunnah of the holy prophet comments on the quran just in its own words to the point where that sunnah and hadith clarifies, elaborates the commands given in the quran ELABORATES salah zakat ramadan etc.

Question 21

hazrat abu bakr’s election

Answer 21

the prophet before his death did not appoint any leaders as the caliph thus after his death there was an immediate crisis on who would run the affairs of the muslims. around this time the prophets body was being prepared for burial the ansars held a meeting in “SAQEEFA ANI SAIDAH” to discuss the next caliph because there would be no other prophet coming after him.

ansars wanted the caliph to be from the ansar as the pledge to protect to prophet for his entire life and gave the muslims a home. other muslims wanted to argue thus rushed from the burial of the prophet to the ansars meeting hazrat Abu Bakr (HAB) he pointed out that the ansar should not be the only one in the choosing of caliph but should be all muslims/arabs as some arabs would not accept the ansars leadership thus they should vote for a man and not a tribe leader.

the ansar then put forward an idea of two caliphs from the ansar and muhajireen Hazrat Umar argued that islam stood for unity of one god one prophet and one quran and thus should be one caliph two caliphs would also lead to miscommunication and even conflit. after alot of arguing hazrat umar made HAB stand and touched his hand as allegiance followed by Hazrat abu Ubaidah and then the other ansars pledged thus HAB WAS ELECTED

Question 22

Hazrat Abu Bakr and false prophets

Answer 22

the prophet had a dream before his death regarding to false prophets which he narrated to Hazrat Abu Huraira.

AL ASWAD ANSI:
he belonged to the ansi tribe of yemen and was an ugly man who used to cover his face (significant as all prophets were handsome) he even earned the title Al-Aswad (black man) due to his skin. he claimed to have magical powers and due to this he claimed to have special obligations like discounts on prayer and zakat. the king of Yemen who embraced islam at the call of the prophet step down and badhan who later died took the throne after him shahr took the throne however Aswad Ansi who claimed to be the next prophet gathered an army and killed shahr and captured yamen and send an allegiance to madina.

when the prophet found about Aswads false claim he sent an army under Hazrat Maaz’s command along this time Aswad forcefully married the widow of shahr named azad. azad who hated shahr later assassinated him with a spear this was one or two days before the death of the prophet. his supporters wanted to still fight the muslims thus in were defeated.

Tulayha Ibn Khuwaylid
claimed he received prophethood and a revelation while the prophet was still alive. he claimed that the muslims were performing salah wrong and that we should stand and pray. prophet wanted to take action and a muslim tried to kill him but failed and the muslims man was miscarried as Tulayha’s followers claimed no sword could harm him.

Hazrat Abu Bakr sent Hazrat Khalid bin walid to crush his power and the army met with Tulayha at Buzakha. Tulayha who was scared pretended to await divine revelation and when he was asked if he got it he said “not yet” after the battle was finished followers asked the same question and he said again “not yet” on this Uyaynah declared Tulayha as a lier and said “o people! Tulayha is a liar, so i am leaving now”

the army of Tulayha panicked and got scared and the muslims took advantage of this and Tulayha’s army was defeated. Tulayha escaped to syria with his wife later when muslims conquered syria he embraced islam.

Musaylimah Al-Kadhdhab (MUS):
he belonged to Hanifa tribe in yamama and was the most dangerous one. he visited madinah during the life of the prophet and even met him. returned back to yamama and then claimed to be a prophet. he composed some verses and called them revelations and even lessened the number of PRAYERS FROM 5 TO 3 HE SAID NO MUSLIMS HAS TO PAY ZAKAT AND ADULTERY AND DRINKING WAS ALLOWED.

when the prophet warned him to stop MUS demanded the prophet and MUS divide arbias control between each other prophet replied labeling her a liar and that the land of arabia belongs to allah and no prophet. sent Nahrur Rijal to go back to his people and propagate islam. nahr falsely declared to his people that he was prophet and joined Musaylima to be his co partner in devine mission Hazrat abu bakr sent two armies under Ikrimah Bin Abu Jahl and Shrubail bin Hasnad to attack when both forced joined.

both armys lost battle as they did not follow the caliphs instructions. hazrat khalid bin walid sent with an army of 15,000 and muslimia with 40,000 men that outnumbered the muslims. KBW army pledged after KBWs speech and attacked musliminas camp.

washi the negru slave killed musaylima with the same sword he used to kill the prophets uncle 3000 muslims killed with a large number being hafiz BATTLE OF YAMAMA and 10,000 of musliminas army.

Apostasy movement
madinah was surrounded by a ring of tribes including banu Ghatafan, asad, thalba , abbas and more. after the invasion of makkah the other tribes sent delegations to accept islam. and after the prophet death these tribes claimed that they should be exempted from paying zakat as the prophet was now dead.

hazrat abu bakr discussed the matter to his council he was suggested to accept the demand half said yes half said no. hazrat abu bakr wanted to attack as if he exempted them then other tribes would want to be exempted to thus he attacked them for not paying zakat.

hazrat abu bakr made senior army leaders such as hazrat khalid zaid and talha note the enemies movements while hazrat abu bakr send adult muslims who were less experienced to fight. the enemy’s thought that they would have an easy victory however were surprised when the army attacked first all the tribes got scared and retreated and defeated all the tribes.

Question 23

Compilation of the quran (Hazrat abu Bakr)

Answer 23

easy i will tell u important names tho
mushaf e hafsa first quran made and passed to hazrat umar
zaid bin thabit to do the job used his own memory and council of men helped him

Question 24

Expedition to Syria (hazrat abu bakr)

Answer 24

on hazrat Abu Bakr became caliph and continuing the prophets intentions to spread islam north eg syria. the holy prophet decided to take the expedition to syria before his death and directed Hazrat Usamah Bin Zaid should proceed to its destination. this army was encamped at Jurf few miles away from madinah on the road to syria. on the account of the prophet illness Hazrat Usamah delayed the departure and on the prophets death he returned to medinah for further instructions.

abu bakr did not want to go against the prophet instructions thus decided to send the army again to syria. his decision was based on loyalty to the prophet and the belief that whatever the prophet ordered was the best for the community and told the army to go on to syria.

however some elder ansar gave Hazrat Abu bakr the idea to change Hazrat Usama Bin Zaid as he was too young and inexperienced however Hazrat Abu bakr refused as he didnt want to go against the prophets demands and 40 days later they defeated byzantines on the syrian front leaving a huge message that muslims were strong enough to meet all meet all emergencies even after the death of the holy prophet.

Question 25

the persian empire (hazrat abu bakr)

Answer 25

Hazrat Muthana was a chief of tribe banu bakr that lived in the northeastern part of arabia, he became muslim at the prophets time. and even visited hazrat abu bakr. hazrat abu bakr was aware of the predictions of the prophet that iraq and syria would spread islam.

held a council of war and after due thoughts noticed the hostility of persians and there endangering campaign and decided to start the attack on iraq which were held in 633 A.D

Question 26

Battle of Kazima - chains (Hazrat Abu Bakr)

Answer 26

Hazrat Khalid Bin Walid who was in Yamamah received the orders of hazrat abu bakr to mark to iraq and start operations in the region of uballa or kazima. hurmuz was the governor of Uballa. hazrat khalid wrote to him saying to accept islam pay jizya or be ready for war.

Hurmuz prepaid his army for battle and ordered them to tied chains so that they would fight bravely to their last breath. the battle started and hazrat khalid killed hurmuz which caused humuz’s army to be demoralized from the lost thus the fell back in fear however there chains were preventing them from retreating thus they were killed in thousands.

Question 27

Battle of Mazar (hazrat abu bakr )

Answer 27

another persian army under Qarin was coming to reinforce Hurmuz’s army. when he reached he saw that the persians were already defeated thus they marched to Mazar near Tigris river with an intention to avenge the defeat of kazima.

Khalid bin walid gathered his troops to deal with the persians at Mazar. the battle began with a call to duel by Aqrin which he was faced by a muslim commander Maqal bin Al Ashi. Maqal was an expert swordsman and killed Qarin in this duel.

Hazrat Khalid then ordered his army to attack the persians but the persians resisted so hard khalid had to intensify the attack muslims won tho with 30,000 persians killed and the rest agreed to pay jizya.

Question 28

Battle of Walaja (Hazrat Abu Bakr)

Answer 28

the defeat of mazar, the persian ruler Rustam sent another army one lead by Andarzaghar which camped in Walaja. Hazrat Khalid came with 10,000 went to Walaja. the battle started normally with Hazrat Khalid killing a giant of a man supposed to have the strength of 1000 men Hazar Mard.

the battle started at first there was a little trouble but with Hazrat Khalids strategy it ended up with a muslim victory. Andarzaghar fled to a desert area still died due to thirst.

Question 29

Battle of Ullies (Hazrat Abu Bakr)

Answer 29

Hazrat Khalid’s force then fought against the persian forces at Ullies (NEW INFO ULLIES HAD BLOCKED MUSLIMS TRADE ROOT TO HIRA). in the duel Hazrat Khalid killed Abdul Aswas and in the fight the persians gave a stiff resistance and stood like a rock. khalid knew his army couldn’t counter the attack.

Khalid prayed to allah and allah put new souls in khalid’s soldiers this time when the soldiers attacked they were successful in breaking the persians that the persians began fleing.

Question 30

Fall of Hira (Hazrat Abu Bakr)

Answer 30

when Hazrat Khalid was asked to undertake operations in iraq, he was given the target of hira and after ullies defeat that opened the roads to hira. hazrat khalid began to advance to hira but the governor had already left the city and fled with his army (👀👀 yup thats it war is over…💀💀).

muslims got hira and signed a treaty with the locals and this became the first treaty of muslims with conquered people beyond arabia. treaty = jizya to muslims regularly for protection and 200,000 dirham as tax.

Question 31

Battle of anbar (Hazrat Abu Bakr the campaigns to western iraq)

Answer 31

Hazrat Khalid decided to advance further and choose Anbar as the next target.in 633 A.D his army camped somewhere below andar.

The governor sheeraz wanted to defend the town, his town Andar was situated on a height of a small mountain and the muslims camp was on the low plain below the town. noticing the disadvantage khalid demanded his best archers to shoot the eyes of the persians due to this many persians lost their eyes which is why the battle is also called “the battle of eyes”.

the town was surrounded by walls and a deep ditch and khalid ordered the slaughter of week camels and dumped then in a ditch near the town. when the muslims army kept there plan going Sheeraz made an offer to surrender on a condition to have a safe pass for the army. khalid accepted this and the persians and there families left andar for madain.

Question 32

Battle of EIN-AT-TAMR (Hazrat Abu Bakr the campaigns to western iraq)

Answer 32

Large fortified town surrounded by date palms they were led by Mehran bin Bahram Jabeen this army supported by christian arabs who volunteered to fight against the muslims. in 633 A.D the persian army remained Ein-At-Tamr byt the christian arabs under their leader aqqa went on the read to interpret muslims army.

as soon the both armies came into sight they began the war were muslim forces captured Aqqa alive and the rest of his forces fled.

Question 33

The Byzantine Empire - Campaigns in syria (Hazrat abu bakr)

Answer 33

After the battle of Firaz, Khalid was transferred to the syrian front and hazrat Muthana became the commander of muslims in Iraq. in 634 A.D hazrat abu bakr called for jihad against syria he assembled a large force of 4 groupse, 7,000 men each do the maths 7+7+7+7=28 = 28,000 men (i needed a calculator for that).

Question 34

battle of basra (hazrat abu bakr and campaigns in syria)

Answer 34

khalid sent 4000 muslims under Shrubail to fight. Shrubail’s army was outnumbered by the romans army and thus the romans launched a strong attack on the muslims that the muslims were close to defeat however hazrat khalid arrived on time at the scene and sent the message that hazrat Abu Ubaidah to meet him and restart the war.

Khalid offered the non muslims to join islam and the commander embraced it on this the romans army fell back and locked himself in there own city with the help of the roman leader the muslims entered the city from and underground passage and killed the romans in a large number

Question 35

Hazrat abu bakr’s administration AND DEATH

Answer 35

he laid the foundation of a truly democratic state, hazrat abu bakr always followed the quran and sunnah when conducting the affairs of the state something the prophet used to do as well he also consulted his companions on issues just like the prophet did.

he divided the state into provinces and appointed governors who were responsible for both admin and military affairs. he set up a governor in each province to make sure prayers were being lead taxes were being paid and law and justice was maintained.

he gave the idea of bait ul maal a public treasury and appointed abu ubaidah in charge of it. he gave freedom to the court and umar was made the judge. he established army cantonments and reserve forces.

even though there was no police force all crimes and their perpetrator were dealt with in the light of the teachings from the quran.

DEATH:
died with the age of 63 on 24 th Jamadi Us sani 13 A.H due to natural causes. he was buried on the right side of the prophet.

Question 36

Hazrat Umar

Answer 36

Hazrat Abu Bakr discussed the matter of caliphate on his death bed with senior most companions. hazrat Abu Bakr suggested the name of Hazrat Umar and no one complained about it. Only Talha complained about his harshness; on which Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) said
that burden of caliphate will make him more responsible and mild.

Question 37

ADMIN REFORMS OF HAZRAT UMAR

Answer 37

during the ruling of the 2nd caliph hazrat umar made the administration was efficient and easy which allowed for huge successes and new strategies were seen in different areas under his leadership like cabinets , Revenue and Judiciary system which is also why his caliphate is regarded as the golden era in islamic history. he also vastly expanded his rign to several other empires and improved the local living condition.

Question 38

Division of states

Answer 38

As the empire expanded Umar divided the state into provinces and appointed ONLY QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED GOVERNORS TO RUN THE STATES. these qualified ppl were known as “WALI”.

the who islamic state was divided into 12 provinces and appointed governor wali administered each province. all governors took and oath not to process highly bred horses or turkish horses never wear expensive clothes and not keep guards on there front doors (be equal as the muslims community in class)

Question 39

Justice for everyone

Answer 39

Hazrat Umar appointed Qazi as the head of judiciary. the Qazi was a completely independent governor general that could even call the caliph to court. he punished his son’s for drinking and even appeared in court as a witness.

Question 40

Bait-Ul-Maal

Answer 40

he built separate Bait-ul-Maal in each and every province and put an honest person in charge of it this person was called Deewan. he would create a register on the income and expenses of accounts that gave and took money this would be sent to madinah and this was a source of revenue for zakat jizya ushr and Ghanima.

Question 40

Check in balance to remove corruption

Answer 40

when a government joined his seat his credentials and finances were recorded and when he left or stepped down these records would be assessed to look for corruption if found they would be taken to court.

Question 41

developments in infrastructure

Answer 41

created a department of irrigation set to supervise and make canals reservoirs dams to increase irrigated and fertile land.

constructed good roads bridges for the movement of traders and visitors as well created schools mosques and trading markets

he expanded the prophets mosque or Masjid-e-nabwi by 5 m south, 15 north and 10 west.