Islamiyat PAPER 2 Flashcards
hadith and sunnah
“hadith” originally means a tale , sorry, report or news. in the terminology of islamic literature it is defined as
“any narration that reports the words, deen, approval or disapproval of the holy prophet Muhammad”
“sunnah” exactly means “a trodden path”, a practice or a custom. however in islamic lit it means
what has been transmitted on the authority of the prophet, and includes his saying, practices and tacit approvals.
“taqrir” means that its and action were someone acted on something in a particular way and then this information came to the prophet and he either a provide it or silently denied it basically questions on ppls actions.
sunnah is the mode or the way of living the holy prophets like and hadith is the records of documented moments of what he said and practice. thus hadiths may not contain sunnah.
components of a hadith
has two parts
sanad (chain)
and
matn (text)
sanad is the sequence of reports of the family tree who passed on and later reported the hadith. a single reporter is known as rawi and means that he hurd it directly from the prophet.
matn is the text and it checks the wordings of the hadith
compilation of hadith during the prophets time
the prophet would teach companions the hadith in the following ways;
Al Qaul (Verbal teachings)
Al Fi’l (practical demonstration)
Al Taqir (Silent approval)
al Qaul (verbal teachings)
is the first method of teaching the prophet used. the prophet would repeat important hadith 3 times and then ask the companions to repeat what they learned and understood from him.
Aisha reported that the prophet would never speak rapidly or in a hurry instead he would carefully speak each syllable so it was easy to memorize for the companions.
this verbal teaching also included all of the letters, instructions, treaties and other official documents.
Al Fi’l (practical demonstration)
this is were the prophet would practically show the companions an act by actually doing it infront of him.
like wuzu and performing namaz/salah or how to perform hajj.
Al Taqrir (silent approvals)
when the prophet explained to someone if there act was permissible or not at the time of the prophet he either approve or silently disapproving it.
methods of preserving the hadith
memorising
discussion
practice
writing
a. memorising
the companions were very eager to follow the prophets ways. and devoted a high amount of time to memorising the hadith many left there homes to go to the masjid and hear the prophet repeat these ahadith they were known as “ashaab-al-suffah”.
the companions would memorising hundreds and thousands of hadith as at that time there memory level was quite high test conducted by the scribes on memory.
b. discussion
an example of this was on the prophet’s farewell sermon were the prophet said “those who are present should convey to those who are absent” thus those present should tell everything the prophet said to those who are absent.
thus people teaching others and sharing there knowledge on hadith in any period of time would be called the discussion were many people would gather and talk about hadith they memorized.
c. practice
when ever the prophet did something the companions would follow him in the same wait simulating his actions and learning how to do it them self like hajj or wudu or salah.
d. writing
after the companions would hear the hadith many of them would take the time to write it down at times the prophet would tell them to write it down or not thus they wrote it on paper tree barks and animal bones and more this was also the job of many scribe like zaid bin harith. “O my children, write down the text of hadith”
compilation during the companions era 11-100 A.H
after the death of the holy prophet, there was a high interest in islam and the companions who knew the hadith directly from the prophet were slowly passing away they needed to preserve and protect it from corruption.
the expansion of islam empire meant that the hadith had been spreading outside of mecca a even arabia. and people flocked to read and learn about the prophet lifestyle and traditions thus instead of the new converts going from one person to another learning hadith it would be easier for them if the muslims compiled the hadith.
at this time the hadiths were constently memorised and repeated and reported by companions and soon the companions begain to confuse hadiths with the quranic text which was a big problem.
compilation during the tabi’eens (follower of the companions era) 100-200 A.H
Alot of the memorise hadith at the prophets time had now been passed on and hadith were available at large volumes. thus caliph hazrat Umar bin abdul Aziz was thought it was the right time to begin the compilation of the hadith and he wrote letters to scholars of hadith all over the islamic empire to collect the hadiths from there people so that they can begin the task of compiling the hadith to make it available in book form for the muslims. after the hadith were collected the caliph officially appointed learned schoolers like Imam Muhammad Ibn Muslim Ibn Shibab al-Zuhri to compile books of ahadith.
Imam Zuhri was born in a quraysh family and would go to any person in madinah and record from that person about the events of the prophets life and had a number of ahadith thus after his death many camels were needed to transport his manuscripts.
the compliations made in this period do not exist today, having been incorporated into the larger collection of hadith that had been compiled later. this book did not have proper subject wise and chapter wise hadith and did not have proper headings later it was arranged in the book of imam malik.
compilation during the taba tabi’een (follows of the followers)
golden age for the process of compilation of ahadith
the prophets ahadith were separated from the reports of the companions and followers
the authentic ahadith were very carefully and painstakingly sifted from the weak traditions and then were compiled into book form.
elaborated rules were framed and stipulations were devised to distinguish the true hadith from the false ones.
type of ahadith of the prophet with categories
musnad
musannaf
jamiah
juzz
musnad
Musnad means supported. and is the collection of ahadith that have sound links,traced back without interruption to one of the companions who can refer back to the prophet
musannaf
musannaf means devieded up and the collection also known as “sunan” and are those ahadith that are arranged topic wise with respect to islamic jurisprudunce into chapters and sub chapteres per thier themes eg purity prayer fasting zakat etc
so it is easyer for the reader to find what topic they are looking for
jamiah
ahadith in which all the chapters concerning the acts of idadah along with aqeedah and tafseer are found.
Juzz
is the compilation of hadith in which all the ahadith concerning THE SAME TOPIC OR ONE TOPIC and narrated BY ONE SINGLE NARRATOR are compiled.
methods to verify the authenticity of hadith
during the compilation of the ahadith the compiler had to use a method to verify the authenticity of hadith they did this by first checking it between each other since the main transmitters were rawis or singles.
the next era this was not there thus they still needed a way to verify the hadith they used sanad and matn to verify the hadiths.
first condition:
upon sanad and the character of each muslim included in the chain from the prophet meeting them all the way to the pass on of the ahadith and how the chain of narrators lived there life if they were prone to forgetting to committing crime etc.
matn being the test of the text checking if its delicate is correct if it doesn’t go against the quran and if it is in only arabic they were then put into categories.
classification of hadith
2 categories
hadith-e-Qudsi
hadith-e-Nabwi
hadith-e-Qudsi
is the divine hadith or inspiration in which the sayings of allah are expressed only the inspiration which were revealed by allah and were put into words by the prophet himself. generally ahadith are traced back to the prophet however hadith-e-Qudsi they contain allah’s direct speech, so unlike all other tradition its authenticity can not be traced by way of the prophet by allah
hadith-e-Nabwi
is the hadith which contains the actual statement and the teaching of the prophet and what he did/performed there are numerous of these hadiths ranging from each topic of islam and it helps muslims understand more about islam and how to practice the teachings of the quran,
classification of hadith on the basis of AUTHORITY
Qudsi (sacred)
marfu (elevated)
mawqut (stopped)
Maqtu (severed)
classification of hadith on the basis of AUTHENTICITY
SAHIH (authentic)
hassan (approved)
ze’eek (week)
mawzu (fake)
use of sunnah/hadith in legal thinking and its relationship with the qur’an, ijma and qiyas
the quran provides us with rulings through each aspects of our lives. Shariah includes the Quran and the sunnah/hadith of the prophet with the quran being the direct “word” of the Allah through problems in our life. on the other side the hadith/sunnah of the prophet serve as the second source of law. his sunnahs are not the only confirmed rulings of the quran however it gives detail over some of the concepts law and practices which a brief in the quran and ruling regarding what is not stated in the quran.
eg zakat and salah “establish prayer and give poor due” explained “pray as you see me praying”
the sunnah of the holy prophet comments on the quran just in its own words to the point where that sunnah and hadith clarifies, elaborates the commands given in the quran ELABORATES salah zakat ramadan etc.
hazrat abu bakr’s election
the prophet before his death did not appoint any leaders as the caliph thus after his death there was an immediate crisis on who would run the affairs of the muslims. around this time the prophets body was being prepared for burial the ansars held a meeting in “SAQEEFA ANI SAIDAH” to discuss the next caliph because there would be no other prophet coming after him.
ansars wanted the caliph to be from the ansar as the pledge to protect to prophet for his entire life and gave the muslims a home. other muslims wanted to argue thus rushed from the burial of the prophet to the ansars meeting hazrat Abu Bakr (HAB) he pointed out that the ansar should not be the only one in the choosing of caliph but should be all muslims/arabs as some arabs would not accept the ansars leadership thus they should vote for a man and not a tribe leader.
the ansar then put forward an idea of two caliphs from the ansar and muhajireen Hazrat Umar argued that islam stood for unity of one god one prophet and one quran and thus should be one caliph two caliphs would also lead to miscommunication and even conflit. after alot of arguing hazrat umar made HAB stand and touched his hand as allegiance followed by Hazrat abu Ubaidah and then the other ansars pledged thus HAB WAS ELECTED
Hazrat Abu Bakr and false prophets
the prophet had a dream before his death regarding to false prophets which he narrated to Hazrat Abu Huraira.
AL ASWAD ANSI:
he belonged to the ansi tribe of yemen and was an ugly man who used to cover his face (significant as all prophets were handsome) he even earned the title Al-Aswad (black man) due to his skin. he claimed to have magical powers and due to this he claimed to have special obligations like discounts on prayer and zakat. the king of Yemen who embraced islam at the call of the prophet step down and badhan who later died took the throne after him shahr took the throne however Aswad Ansi who claimed to be the next prophet gathered an army and killed shahr and captured yamen and send an allegiance to madina.
when the prophet found about Aswads false claim he sent an army under Hazrat Maaz’s command along this time Aswad forcefully married the widow of shahr named azad. azad who hated shahr later assassinated him with a spear this was one or two days before the death of the prophet. his supporters wanted to still fight the muslims thus in were defeated.
Tulayha Ibn Khuwaylid
claimed he received prophethood and a revelation while the prophet was still alive. he claimed that the muslims were performing salah wrong and that we should stand and pray. prophet wanted to take action and a muslim tried to kill him but failed and the muslims man was miscarried as Tulayha’s followers claimed no sword could harm him.
Hazrat Abu Bakr sent Hazrat Khalid bin walid to crush his power and the army met with Tulayha at Buzakha. Tulayha who was scared pretended to await divine revelation and when he was asked if he got it he said “not yet” after the battle was finished followers asked the same question and he said again “not yet” on this Uyaynah declared Tulayha as a lier and said “o people! Tulayha is a liar, so i am leaving now”
the army of Tulayha panicked and got scared and the muslims took advantage of this and Tulayha’s army was defeated. Tulayha escaped to syria with his wife later when muslims conquered syria he embraced islam.
Musaylimah Al-Kadhdhab (MUS):
he belonged to Hanifa tribe in yamama and was the most dangerous one. he visited madinah during the life of the prophet and even met him. returned back to yamama and then claimed to be a prophet. he composed some verses and called them revelations and even lessened the number of PRAYERS FROM 5 TO 3 HE SAID NO MUSLIMS HAS TO PAY ZAKAT AND ADULTERY AND DRINKING WAS ALLOWED.
when the prophet warned him to stop MUS demanded the prophet and MUS divide arbias control between each other prophet replied labeling her a liar and that the land of arabia belongs to allah and no prophet. sent Nahrur Rijal to go back to his people and propagate islam. nahr falsely declared to his people that he was prophet and joined Musaylima to be his co partner in devine mission Hazrat abu bakr sent two armies under Ikrimah Bin Abu Jahl and Shrubail bin Hasnad to attack when both forced joined.
both armys lost battle as they did not follow the caliphs instructions. hazrat khalid bin walid sent with an army of 15,000 and muslimia with 40,000 men that outnumbered the muslims. KBW army pledged after KBWs speech and attacked musliminas camp.
washi the negru slave killed musaylima with the same sword he used to kill the prophets uncle 3000 muslims killed with a large number being hafiz BATTLE OF YAMAMA and 10,000 of musliminas army.
Apostasy movement
madinah was surrounded by a ring of tribes including banu Ghatafan, asad, thalba , abbas and more. after the invasion of makkah the other tribes sent delegations to accept islam. and after the prophet death these tribes claimed that they should be exempted from paying zakat as the prophet was now dead.
hazrat abu bakr discussed the matter to his council he was suggested to accept the demand half said yes half said no. hazrat abu bakr wanted to attack as if he exempted them then other tribes would want to be exempted to thus he attacked them for not paying zakat.
hazrat abu bakr made senior army leaders such as hazrat khalid zaid and talha note the enemies movements while hazrat abu bakr send adult muslims who were less experienced to fight. the enemy’s thought that they would have an easy victory however were surprised when the army attacked first all the tribes got scared and retreated and defeated all the tribes.
Compilation of the quran (Hazrat abu Bakr)
easy i will tell u important names tho
mushaf e hafsa first quran made and passed to hazrat umar
zaid bin thabit to do the job used his own memory and council of men helped him
Expedition to Syria (hazrat abu bakr)
on hazrat Abu Bakr became caliph and continuing the prophets intentions to spread islam north eg syria. the holy prophet decided to take the expedition to syria before his death and directed Hazrat Usamah Bin Zaid should proceed to its destination. this army was encamped at Jurf few miles away from madinah on the road to syria. on the account of the prophet illness Hazrat Usamah delayed the departure and on the prophets death he returned to medinah for further instructions.
abu bakr did not want to go against the prophet instructions thus decided to send the army again to syria. his decision was based on loyalty to the prophet and the belief that whatever the prophet ordered was the best for the community and told the army to go on to syria.
however some elder ansar gave Hazrat Abu bakr the idea to change Hazrat Usama Bin Zaid as he was too young and inexperienced however Hazrat Abu bakr refused as he didnt want to go against the prophets demands and 40 days later they defeated byzantines on the syrian front leaving a huge message that muslims were strong enough to meet all meet all emergencies even after the death of the holy prophet.
