history Flashcards
shah waliullah
born 21 Feb 1703
real name qutub-ud-Din
known as shah Waliullah due to his piety
his father owned madrassa rahimiya
SW teached at the madrassa
belived that the empire was in a decline and the muslims were disunited and vulnerable to attacks on islam
belived that it was due to the lack of knowlage of islam
and believed that india should be run on Islamic practices
using his knowlage of the quran hadith etc he converted the quran to persian which many muslims knew at that time brought him alot of fame tried to convience the muslims leaders to unite and fight the marathas they were defeated whoever the muslims leaders did not unite
importence was that he was the first muslims leader to thing of the state of islam and the mogahl empire in india his father madrassa played an importent role in other muslims leaders life and SW gave muslims insperation and a pure ilsamic life
to write
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to write
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babur
first Mogul emperor of India
expanded the territory in 126
defeated emperor of delhi in the first battle of panipat and other indian cheifs
Humayan
ruled for only 4 years
defeated by the afghan cheif sher shah suri and lost control over alot of land.
1555 resorted all his lost land but his reign was short lived as one year later he triped on his robes in his libery and fell to his death
akbar
began his rule when he was on 13 years old
influenced by sufi beliefs and in 1581 made a new religon din-e-illahi was a mix of islam and hinduisum made to please his hindu wife
jangir
allowed the british / EIC to start trading in india
to do
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to do
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battle of british to do
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war of independence
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sir syed ahmad khan
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creation of the indian national congress
many people both british and indian belived that the indians should have a party in which they could repersent indian views infront of british
28 December 1883 conference held under the name of Indian national unionin Bombay later the second conference in Calcutta the congress was then called the indian national congress
important creation for winning independence from British.
1887 secound meeting of the congress 236 delegates elected of thier provences
their aims where
educating india
and
persuading the British to end their unfair practices
at first congress had little success and was slowly dieing
bodies had little power despite this the british kept supporting the congress and gave it benefits
Partition of Bengal
bengal was the largest province of india.
the west of bengal has 54 million indians
east had 31 million this was too large for the british to handel at the tume thus they were partitioned into east and west bengal viceroy curzon proposed the partition two years later it was dine in 1905
muslims were delighted due to the fact that ever since 1867 the british had mistreated the muslim however now the british has given them a provence where muslims where in majority.
Hindus didn’t like that the Muslims got their own majority Provence there was an assassination attempt and even stated the swadashi movement where they began boycotting British goods
British reaction was that they set up a restriction on press and public meetings started the press act 1908 6 years in prison for violating the press act
simla deputation
wining muslims support for the british
wanted to improve realtionship and win support
muslims feared that the hindu movement would lead to the reversal of the partion of Bengal
muslims feared the indian national congress would be able to make hindi the national language or even muslism force conversion to Hinduism
seperate elections for local and provincial ellections
higher persentage of seats than the persentage of muslims in the provence.
importence was that is showed how the british has been changed by the work of sir syed and how the muslim british relation ship has improvise
all india muslim league
aims
muslims felt that the lacked influence in india thus set up the muslim league
wanted to make sure that purely Muslims views where all so showed to the British
build on the good relation ship of the British and the muslims.
formation in 1906 in the 20th session ad called the party all india muslim league
objectives where to portect muslims rights and intusts
repersent muslims
promote muslims loyalty to british
prevent hostility of Muslims to british
Morley-Minto reforms
British attempt to win the entire Indians support
by lord minto and secretary of state john Morley
1909
60+ members in imperial council
centeral executive increased seats by 60+
basically more seats
importence
gave more numbers in the indian councils as well as gave local populations more voice over india
seperate electorated for muslims
partys only made to give view and not control india hard for the Hindus to understand
INDIA BEFORE WW1
Muslims saw the reversal of Bengal as a betrayal of the Muslims by the British
Indians realised morly minto reforms brought the Indian government no power at all
despite the work of sir syed Ahmad khan the british still mistreated the muslims thus muslims had lost all faith in the british
1912-13 british supported fighting against turkey however turkey had a big importance for islam thus muslims wernt happy with british supporting its distruction in the world war.
indian army played a big role in helping the british win the war
impacts of the first world war
indians fought the world war with the british many indians lost thier lives
british in return gave no rewards to the indians that they demanded for like self rule
many anti british groups where created
1913 lala hardayal sent arms to india from america for the indians to have an armed opposition however indians were betrayed leading to many deaths with indian police in sep 1951 planed uprising in indian nationalist in punjab (easly put down by british)
silk letter conspiricy muslims put letters ingraved in the silks that were being exported to britin to try to breck free from the british FAILED
Lucknow Pact
1915
British’s promise was broken of giving power to the Indians during the 1914 period thus the congress and the Muslim leagues bond grew away from the British and more toward the two party’s
which lead to the luck now pact
first session in Bombay.
Oct 1916 British attempted to help the situation of India by providing that at least half of the members of the executive council be elected, legislative council will have a majority of elected member the two party agreed with this however they wanted more
thus in 1916 they held another session in luck now with Jinnah and ghandi and other leaders attending both agree on there own that
Muslims should have rights to separate electorates and in other councils
Muslims have one third of seats in the councils
no act should be given by British effecting the community of India unless 3 and a quarter of council members support it
impotence
first muslims hindu unity and join demand to the british
marked an eye that india could self rule
showed muslims protecting their rights
Hindus agreed with the idea of separate electorates for Muslims
Montagu-chelmsford reforms
November 1917
viceroy lord chelmsford and lord Montague
proposal more seats and two new subjects of diarchy one reserved and transferred reserved where only for the British control and gave them power over police justice press etc tr
transferred was for the Indian was the local government education public health etc
reaction of Indians
1919 British thought the Indians would be happy and welcomed with he new reforms however it was the opposite the Indians were seriously mad they felt that after the indians helpt the british in the war they desirved more than local powers thus protests and rioting began in india.
Rowlatt act
controlling India’s anger
April 1918 felt that India’s anger should be dealt with law thus gave reforms which included
arrest with out warent
no bail
right of government to order people where to live
protests still contenued leading to arrest of leaders and deaths like ghandi and the amritsar massacre
amritsar massacre to do
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the non cooperation movement
march 1920
Indians lost faith in the British
British clothing burned
bought only Indian made clothes
teachers and students left English schools and collages
boycott of British items
British fight back by putting trouble makers in jail aka those who promoted the movement 30,000 people arrested.
large spread violence in india
NCM canceled in feb 1922 two years later.
Growth of Communism
hindu’s and muslims’s brought togeather
ending of non cooperation movement did not bring india peace instead it lead to more rioting
Arya samaj tried to launched a foundation to purify the hindus lead to militant actions in 1924
Pundit Mohan Malaviya
in punjab hindu sabhas had been involved in local politics since the 1890
congress man Pundit Mohan Malaviya brought a lot of them together in a party the Hindu mahasabha
believed that ghandis purification of hinduisum was a threat to hindus and later was acused in court for the assasination of ghandi in 1948
growing divisions in the congress party
Hindu congress party split in the early 1920
at first opposed elections for council in 1920
little influence over India
1923 congress had a new policy swaraj party
growth in congress influence made the Muslims league worried that Hindus more worried about Hindu matters than the congress fighting for Indian’s rights
it was time for the muslim league to fight now
delhi proposal
1927 jinnah called for a meeting in delhi
to discuss Muslims interests and how they should be protected for the future. thus they came with demands
one third more seats in CL and seperate electorates
Sindh full provincial status
more seats than population in provences
Khilafat movement
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Simon commission
1927 British attempt to restore Indian cooperation
thus due to the goverment of india act 1919 had a policy that every 10 years a repersentative from british should enter india and check on the reforms as set new reforms up
thus in 1927 chairman sir john simon for new reform and setle indias diffrences
protests indians wanted the British to leave india instead of give them more reforms to control india ferther thus protest with banners go back simon when john simon arived
Nehru report
report
immedeate dominion status for india
india to be a federation with a two chamber parliament
no seperate electorates for any party
no state religion and men and woman have equal rights
nehru report rejected
rejected becouse went against all muslims views that they had gotten from the british after alot of work
thus on jan 21 1929 the report was rejected
however jinnah did propose 4 possible changes to it
one-third seats for muslims
punjab and bengal have reserved seats for muslims for 10 years
two more
however the congress rejected this
Jinnahs 14 points
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more non cooperation movement
congress relaunched the non cooperation movement
on 12 march with ghandis salt march
near ahmatbad to Dandhi
becouse british baned selling of salt in india unless it was licensed by the british how ever the british salt was really expensive
boycott on british stuff.
jinnah disapproved the non cooperation movement
Allahabad address
1930 famous philosophiser and poet Dr. Allama muhammad iqbal asked to chair a meeting of the muslim league in Allahabad
contribution
1st Muslim leader to suggest Muslims partion / Pakistan / two nation theory
views acted like an inspiration to the muslims
set up a goal for the muslims
Round table conference
supported Muslims sperate electorate however did not support one-third of seats for Muslims in the assembly and the idea of sindh bewing separate from Bombay.
First RTC
November 1930 held in London and attended by Muslims league and princely states congress refused to attend unless guarantee that the conference talk would be implemented they never attended this conference
princes would join federation of India as long as they had rights
British agreed that government should be intro at a provincial level.
same ground had been gained???
Second RTC
feb 1931 ghandi met with viceroy lord Irwin first series of meetings
5 march 1931 ghandi Irwin pact
realised most political leaders and property seased by the British,
ghandi calls of the non cooperation campaign and attends the RTC
labour party lost power
ghandi had attitude LIKE A LITTLE BITCH
communal award
1932 Ramsay MacDonald given the title of “a friend of the indians” thus he wanted to resolve there issues
congress rejected LIKE A LITTLE BITCH GHANDI (I GOT BEEF WITH THIS STICK MAN IDC IF HE IS DEAD)
3rd RTC
November 1932
lord was replaced thus less prep for the meeting
non cooperation movement restarted by THAT LITTLE BITCH GHANDI (like tf bro stop tf happened to ghandi irwin pact??)
jinnah went into votary exile
Rahmat Ali Pakistan National Movement
RA one of the young India Muslims studying in England
RA believed that there should be a partition in india between the hindu and muslims to give muslims an homeland
jinnah at first didnt agree witht the idea however RA did not stop in 1933 wrote a 4 page pamphelt called now or never to convince the muslims about a new homeland and he called it pakistan
goverment of india act 1925
despite the RTC failures march 1933 the british wanted another attempt
White paper published for government talks
India be a federation
diarcy dropped to a provincial level
number of provinces increased
25% of India’s population could now vote for only Provencal elections
1937 elections
both the congress or the muslims league approved the goverment of india act however they both took advantage of the elections held in jan and feb of 1937
nehru first wanted to boycott the elections to show the disapproval to the act however other congressmen disaproved and belived that they should take advantage of the elections.
ML also saw the potentional and the advantage of running for the elections and spreading the muslims message
ML wanted to colab with the hindu’s nehru didnt want this and rejected
congress won mojorites nothing much for ML
ML benefits ig
first major muslims elections with Hindu’s
learned about how to contest elections
support more in places were Muslims were in a minority
The Rule of Congress 1937-39
mandri matram
warda scheem education stuff
congress tyranny ban on muslim stuff like adhan
day of deliverance
Britin went to war with Germany 1939
india was to fight with the british against germany
congress mad that british did not consult to the congress thus Provencal governments resigned
end of congress rule
jinnah happy
celebrated as DOD
22 December 1939
WORLD WAR 2 Outbreak of war 1939
3 Sep 1939 british went to war with the nazi
same day british announced india would fight with them in the war
congress said if india was to fight they wanted independence in return
but the british could not grant this but could give dominion status
ML also had demands
end to anti-muslims policys by congress
no law effecting muslims
one more
both british nor congress agreed to these
Pakistan resolution
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Rahmat Ali
built on the idea of a separate homeland
at first jinnah didnt support the idea until the congress tyranny
also called lahore resolution
day muslims set a goal that they would accept no reform that made no mention of pakistan
22 march 1940
The Cripps Mission
ML position of Pakistan clear
congress didn’t like the idea neither did the British
march 1942 the British sent sir Stafford cripps
reforms
after the war Indian union would set up dominion status
constituent assembly should frame a new constitution
it would be held right after the war ends.
ML rejected immediately no reference or context of Pakistan.
opt out of future union showed that British wanted to protect minorities
congress rejected demanding complete control over India’s affairs
Quit India Resolution
may 1942
Gandhi spoke to a congress meeting in Allahabad talked about British behaviour towards India
if British left there would be no threat of Japanese invasion on India.
Gandhi called a non violent protest on 8 august 1942
congress started quit india resolution calling for British to immediately pull out of india.
two days later Ghandi Nehru and other congress rulers arrested.
rioting in india british lost control of some parts of the country.
ML didnt approve of the movement
Ghandi Jinnah Talks
Ghandi let out of jail due to medical problems by the new lord wavell in may 1944.
Ghandi then started meeting Jinnah to talk about the future of india after the british left
talks went throughout September 1944
meet in Jinnah house in Bombay or through letters
ghandi wanted ML to give full support the the congress and removing the british
ghandi wanted central government to have control over key areas of india like defence etc
Ghandi considered himself a representative of the entire india Jinnah reminded him that he only represented the congress (SLAY💅)
Lord Wavell and the Simla Conference
early 1945
clear that the WW11 was going to end
in march lord wavell flew to London
now intended the british would leave india (not yet tho)
wavell wanted a executive council and for it to have an equal number of Hindu’s and Muslim’s
no solution seen by lord wavell conference closed in July
The 1945-46 elections
1945 british war time president Winston Churchill
elections for the executive council was called
however the elections just showed how divided india had become.
congress campaigned for british freedom
ML campaigned for Pakistan
ML won 87%
congress won 91%
elections showed muslims were supporting the ML and the Pakistan movement
ML spread there message and they became a force
congress rule reminded muslims what would happened if congress won again.
ML gave the Pakistan resolution and Jinnah was fighting to show congress that the ML was equal of a force than the congress.
The Cabinet Mission Plan
March 1946
british mad an final attempt in settling the differences of india by a third man lord pethick-Lawrence and Sir Stafford Cripps arrived in new Delhi on 23 march 1946
found that there was little common ground between the two party’s
Jinnah wanted Pakistan
congress did not want the creation of Pakistan
cabnite mission plan changed its goals and gave reforms that proposed a interim government to be set up to rule india on british withdrawal
both congress and ML rejected
still went on on may 1946 published its reforms
idea of pakistan rejected
3 states after the british left each for each religion in india each in charge of its own politics and army
rejected mix feelings about
Direct Action Day
late summer 1946
british withdrawal from india was clear
muslims feared that the british might pull out and leave india to sort its own problems
muslims would suffer in the hindus hands as they had majority in india
muslims needed to show their strength
july 1946 ML resolution declaring that it should prepair for the final struggle against the hindus and the british. on august it was called the Direct action day
supposed to be a peaceful protest however in calcutta it turned violent in which 4000 people died in the great Calcutta killing .
Towards independence
despite the violence
british were determined to leave india
in late august 1945 british asked Nehru to form the executive council to act like the government once the british had left
Jinnah refused to let ML leaders to be nominated
2 September council only had congress members
Jinnah changed his mind and added 5 ML leaders to the council
had to show india that Jinnah was not anti Hindu
elections
elections held on July and December
The 3 June plan
February 1947
Attlee announced that the british would like india no later than June 1948
New viceroy Viscount Mountbatten set to work out the plan of the transfer of power.
deliberately gave less time for arrangements as more time would equal to more disagreements and even protests.
Viscount did a speedy settlement
March 1947 riots and killings between muslims and hindus in Punjab. soon spread to other provinces as well.
seemed like civil war with thousands of deaths.
Viscount Mountbatten’s meeting with the indians should them that partition was inevitable
just on 3 June 1947 the plan was announced
two states to be set up india and pakistan
both states will have an interim constitutions running on the 1935 government of india act
dominion status for both states
Muslim majority provinces could vote to be part of india or pakistan
viceroy side final power will be transferred from June 1948 to august 1947
7 weeks for muslims to settle all problems with british help.
such as boarder
princes joining pakistan
division of assets military and money
india decided Mountbatten to be the first president pakistan made Jinnah the first governor general of pakistan.
pakistan british relationship to be fixed
The Radcliffe award
one issue could not be resolved by 15 August and it was the boundary between muslims and non muslims.
Mountbatten had appointed sir Cyril Radcliffe for this job and was given two assistants from each party ML and congress.
border lines were announced on 16 August
ML disappointed that Calcutta was given to india rather than pakistan even though Muslim areas surrounded it was even give to india CORRUPTION.
evidence showing that Radcliffe was giving areas like this to pakistan however Mountbatten refused and told him to change it.
Jinnah described it as unjust and wrong but he couldn’t complain as the muslims dreams of a separate home land was now true.
Independence act
15 July 1947 the act was pasted stating that from 15 August british india would partition into two dominion states- india and pakistan
each state would have freedom to pass any law as they wished.
14 August new country pakistan came into bring and on 15th declared its independence.
Geographic problems after the creation of pakistan
on the 14 August 1947 pakistan gained it long fought independence however pakistan was immediately faced with many serious problems east and west pakistan were separated by about a thousand miles of land that belonged to india. this large distance meant that the outlook of the people were from to different cultural religions.
political problems after creation of pakistan
india had inherited government buildings, furnishings, even officials from british. pakistan had nothing of these
india had official members of the congress with political experiences to take over the government these people had experience in running a country Pakistan did not have this.
pakistan lacked both the admin and the governmental machinery to run the affairs of a new country
Quaid-i-Azam had tuberculosis he knew he had little time to live and solve these issues for the new country pakistan
economical problems after creation of pakistan
pakistan was made up of states that were mostly underdeveloped with very little industry.
karachi was a modern port with a high potential for trade activity.
pakistan was not a wealthy country and pakistan’s industries and agriculture farms did not produce enough to generate that wealth.
1947 production of jute took place in east pakistan a produced 70% of the worlds crop. and was exported for foreign exchange helping pakistan to earn for a few years
problem was that all jute mills were in east pakistan an non in west india also got all the new jute mills
social problems after creation of pakistan
pakistani people all had different cultures traditions languages and lifestyles which is why the country was divided into 5 provinces this created division in the ppl of pakistan. some provinces were not even sure if they still want to be with pakistan any more.
didnt want urdu as national language
canal water dispute
origins from the partition of punjab in 1947
West pakistan was a fertile country but has a hot and dry climate.
rain is not enough to cater for the large land which is why pakistan relies upon irrigation from canals which draw water from nearby rivers in the area including indus, chelub and chenab. some of these rivers came to pakistan from indian side and india had threatened to cut the water supply.
india claimed that the damn/water heads were in its country thus they had full authority to do so pakistan called that this matter would be settled by the international court of justice but india refused.
may 1948 a temp agreement was made with india however pakistan now needed to find a new reliable source of water for irrigation.
