Islamic Civilization Flashcards
Who was Muhammad?
Muslims believe that he was the final prophet and founder of Islam
Name of Islamic God
Allah
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
Faith Prayer Alms Fasting Pilgrimage (the hajj)
What was the Hijrah?
When Muhammad was forced to leave Mecca and go to medina/ yathrib.
What are the holy writings of Islam?
The Qur’an
Sunna
The example of Muhammad (standards of righteous living)
Shari’a
Islam law. “The way”
What were the 5 ways Islam spread?
- Arabic language
- Trade
- Islam fills the void of weakened Sassanid and Byzantine empires
- Conquest by the rightly guided caliphs
- Overcame barriers
What two groups fought at the battle of tours?
Moors (Muslims) and Francs
Who led the francs in the battle of tours?
Charles Martel
When was the battle of tours?
732 CE
When did the Umayyad empire fall?
750 CE
When did the Abbasid empire fall and to whom?
They fell in 1258 to the Mongols
What are the 3 things Abbasids imposed upon women?
Veiling
Harem
Cloistering
How did the Umayyad caliphate fall?
To the Abbasids in 750. They believed that the Umayyads were living too lavishly and they made Dhimmies pay extra taxes and they didn’t want them to convert to Islam. Abbasids wipe out the ruling Umayyads except one who moves to al-Andalus and begins a Umayyad caliphate
Sufi
Muslims who try to achieve direct contact with Allah
Fatimid dynasty
Member of a Muslim dynasty that traces its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima. They are located primarily in Egypt
What Kind of govt does the Abbasid dynasty have? And how did it come about?1
Since Persia was in their territory, the Abbasids adopted the bureaucracy
Jihad
“Armed struggle against unbelievers” used to expand Islam
Where did the empire of the Umayyads extend to in 750?
From the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River
What were the 4 reasons for the rightly guided caliphs success?
- Well disciplined armies
- Byzantine and Sassanid (Persian) empires weak from conflict
- Persecuted citizens of these empires welcomed Islam
- People (women and Hindus) attracted to Islam’s message of equality and hope
How did Muslims treat conquered people? Why?
Qur’an requires Muslims to treat others peacefully
Muslims got along with other monotheistic religions because they believe we all share the same God
“People of the Book”- Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians and later Hindus
Which side of the “split” was the majority?
The Sunni
Name the rightly guided caliphs
Abu- Bakar
Umar
Uthman
Ali
What caused the split between Sunni and shi’a?
After Ali was assassinated, the elective system of choosing a caliph ended. The Shiites said the successor had to be a relative to Muhammad.
The Sunni said that any Muslim could be caliph
Sunni vs Shi’a
Shia -minority - caliph must be related to Muhammad - believed Umayyads were too rich - believe ali should have succeeded Muhammad -ONLY beliEve Qur'an Sunni - majority "Followers of Muhammad" - believed you didn't need to be related to Muhammad - 1st four rightly guided caliphs were good - follow Sunna and therefore shari'a law
What was the affect of the battle of tours?
Expansion into Europe by Muslims was stopped. (Turning point)
What unified the Umayyads?
- a bureaucracy
- common currency
- made Arabic the official language
Where did Islam spread during Muhammad’s lifetime?
Around the Arabian peninsula
What are the 3 holiest cities in order?
- Mecca
- Medina
- Jerusalem
Where was the battle of tours fought?
Tours, France
Capital of Umayyad dynasty’s?
Damascus
Capital during Abbasid caliphate?
Baghdad
Quarantine
Ibn Sina
Pharmacology
Al- Biruni
Treatment of smallpox and measles and vaccinations
Al- Razi
Ophthalmology
Huyan ibn ishaq
Al- idrisi
Greatest cartographer
Greatest cartographer
Al- Idrisi
What is “1001 nights”
A collection of parables fairytales legends folk tales etc, complied over the course of 500 years+
Poet
Omar kayyam
Jabir Ibn Haiyan
Father of Chemistry
Father of Chemistry
Jabir Ibn Haiyan
Al Sufi
Little cloud/ andromeda Galaxy which influenced European astronomy
Al- Zarquali
Astrolabe
During the Abbasids what did observatories impact?
The theories of Ptolemy and Aristotle who believed in the geocentric model
Two contributions in math?
Algebra- al khwarizimi
Arabic numerals: borrowed concept of zero from India and made trade more convenient
Dome of the rock in Jerusalem
-Greco roman architecture influences
Built during Umayyad time
Christians: believe this is where Abraham almost sacrificed Jacob
Muslims: believe this is where Muhammad ascended into heaven.
How did Arabs preserve culture
?
Ancient Greek and Roman texts were preserved by translation into her back in the house of wisdom
Arabs were the first to build____________
True academies of learning, Open to everyone
Where was the house of wisdom?
Baghdad
Córdoba- where is it?
Al Andalus in Spain
It had a mix of Christians jews Zoroastrians and Hindus (who were accepted after Muhammad)
Why did people do calligraphy?
Because only Allah apparently can create images of living things
When the Abbasids move the capital to Baghdad, what does it become?
The center of the arab world
Were the shi’a majority or minority?
Minority
Who did the Abbasids allow in the government?
Everyone And anyone
Where do the Umayyads conquer?
All of North Africa, Iberian peninsula (Spain) and Central Asia
Hijrah
- Muhammad forced to leave Mecca because he was driven out by people who didn’t like his monotheistic teachings
- Muhammad fled to medina where he attracted followers. He became a religious, political, and military leader.
- he and his followers went back to Mecca, destroyed the idols in the ka’aba
Ulama
The scholar class, apply religion to life
Did Islam have priests?
No
What does Islam mean?
” submission to the will of Allah”
What does Muslim mean?
One who has submitted
Ka’aba
Ancient shrine in Mecca
What is the hajj?
A pilgrimage to Mecca Muslims must make once in their lifetime. One of the 5 pillars of Islam
What are alms
Alms are giving money items or service to the poor
