islamic

Question 1

people:

constantine I

Answer 1

founder of constiantinople

caused division of empire

Question 2

emperor Justinian I (r. 527-565)

Answer 2

• attempt at bringing the West back under the direct control of the emperor at Constantinople was ever made,
• To much money into wars and military
• This effort essentially bankrupted the Empire, proved a short-lived success, and probably contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire that rendered it susceptible to conquest by Arab armies in the seventh century.
• updated roman law code the corpus Iuris Civilis
• rebuilt church of hagia sophia

Question 3

war between Heraclius (r. 610-641) and Chosroes II (r. 590-628).

Answer 3

• The last great conflict between the Romans (i.e. the Byzantines) and the Sassanids
• First Chosroes’s Sassanids overran the ⊗Levant and threatened ⊗Anatolia. Then the Byzantines counter-attacked and Heraclius retook most of what they had lost. The war exhausted both empires and rendered them vulnerable to the sudden appearance of a united Arab army driven by the cause of Islam. The Sassanid Empire would collapse completely under their assault, and the Byzantines were forced to abandon control of some of their most important and prestigious territories: ⊗Egypt, ⊗Palestine, and ⊗Syria.

Question 4

leader Khan Krum

Answer 4

• Leader of bulgars
• Krum defeated the imperial army
• killed the emperor, Nikephorus I.
• According to some sources, Krum then had the emperor’s skull lined with silver, which he then used as a drinking cup.

Question 5

Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (r. 717-741)

Answer 5

• example of the problems created by caesaropapism found in the iconoclasm
• He particularly worried that the popular practice of venerating icons (images of Christ and the saints) was violating the commandment against making and worshiping engraven images

Question 6

Caesaro-papism

Answer 6

means that the emperors exercise control over both the secular and spiritual administration of their empire

Question 7

Monophysitism

Answer 7

the belief that Christ was fully divine and not really human at all

Question 8

the five pillars of islam

Answer 8

.

Question 9

Shahada-

Answer 9

believe in god and mahhamad is his prophet

Question 10

Salat

Answer 10

• parying 5 times a day

- continual worship

Question 11

Zakat

Answer 11

• charity alms for the poor

- 2.5% tax

Question 12

Sawm

Answer 12

-during the whole month of Ramadan, Muslims fast during the daylight hours.

Question 13

Hajj

Answer 13

-pilgramage to mecca

Question 14

Jihad

Answer 14

• struggle’ or ‘striving’, referring to an individual’s efforts to overcome the natural desires of man.
• armed fight in holy war

Question 15

Ulama

Answer 15

The body legal advisors and experts in interpreting Shari’

Question 16

the Shari’a

Answer 16

• the right way (to the water hole)

- lives according to the Shari’a – Islamic law

Question 17

qadi

Answer 17

• One group of legal experts that make up the body of the ulama are the ?, Islamic judges.
• They are the local officials who execute judgment, especially in cases of social law like marriage, divorce, and inheritance – the state is left to deal with criminal cases.

Question 18

Dhimmi

Answer 18

especially those they considered “People of the Book” – other monotheists who had sacred scriptures (revelations) from God.

Question 19

the jizyah –

Answer 19

-tax on non-believers (those who were not paying ♣zakat).

Question 20

mawali,

Answer 20

These non-Arab Muslims were known as

Question 21

Shi’ism

Answer 21

.

Question 22

Sufism

Answer 22

• Muslim mystics
• They seek a personal union with Allah, whom they regard not as some ill-defined force in the universe but as a transcendent being who is all-powerful and all-knowing.

Question 23

caesaro-papism

Answer 23

excersise control over both the secular and spiritial administration of their empire

Question 24

imam will return as the

Answer 24

mahdi

Question 25

fatimids

Answer 25

ismali shiites

-believe that mahdi well return

Question 26

umma

Answer 26

community of the faithful

Question 27

tughril beg -

Answer 27

the seljuk turks

Question 28

husain-

Answer 28

karbala

Question 29

Heraclius 610-641

Answer 29

• tyrant
• persain invasions came and paid trubite to Chrosroes II helping to make counter attack
• beat persains and got jerusalem
• battle of yarmul he was beaten ending byzantine rule in south anatolia

Question 30

al mansur 754-775

Answer 30

• abu jafar-or the victorius one
• established the abbasid caliphate against umayyad and shiite claims
• built and made bagdad new capital called madinat as-salem (city of peace)
• created office of vizier
• made burea for translating documents would develop into bayt al-hikmah (the house of wisdom) center for scholarship learning

Question 31

Huran al-rashid 786-809

Answer 31

• grandson of al-mansur
• brought capital to its height and decline for abbasids
• problems centrializing places like north africa fell out of his control
• sent charlamange an elephant-had diplomatic peace
• his court influenced arabian nights

Question 32

abd al-rahman I

Answer 32

• escacped being executed along with family from abbasids

- invaded spain was his kingdom

Question 33

saladin 1174-1193

Answer 33

• tried to bring fatimids shiites under control to re-unify islamic world
• used jihad to force everyone to follow him
• battle of hattin beat christains,
• took jerusalem
• lost control over islamic territories

Question 34

mehmed II the conqueror

Answer 34

• holy wars on christains
• drowned brother and anyone resisted his rule
• spreading islamic territory in the east
• devshirme, young christains brought up as muslims
• janissaries could enroll in sultans army

Question 35

hadith

Question 36

avicenna 980-1037

Answer 36

-ibn Sina
-treatises on medicine, The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing
-

Question 37

al ghazali 1058-1111

Answer 37

• Incoherance of Philosophers

- mysticism greatest truth of god

Question 38

averroes 1126-1198

Answer 38

• known as the commentator
• The Incoherence of Incoherence
• argues koran was perfectly reconcilable