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science term 4 2018 > Is mother nature killing us? > Flashcards

Is mother nature killing us? Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Pangea?

A

Pangea was a supercontinent which split to form the continents. It is the large landmass of all the continents we know today.

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2
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

The theory states that the earths crust consists of a series of moving plates.

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3
Q

Who first proposed this theory? Why was it not accepted?

A

Alfred Wegner suggested that Pangea split to form the continents. It was not accepted by the scientific community as Wegner didn’t know how it occurred and was therefore, considered prosperous.

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4
Q

State the evidence to support the theory of plate tectonics:

A
  1. Continents are still moving
  2. The shape of the continents is a good physical fit (puzzle)
  3. The rock types at the edges of continents are similar
  4. There are similar fossils in areas that were once joined
  5. Geographic formations on different continents matched up
  6. Climatic indicators
  7. Ocean floor range- core samples show patterns shown by the dates of the ocean floor indicate that the ocean floor near continents was older than at the middle of the ocean near the mid ocean mountain chains
    The distribution of closely related present day animals and plants across the continents
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5
Q

internal structure of the earth

A 
Crust 0-75 km thick
Lithosphere crust and upper most solid mantle
Asthenosphere
Mantle
Outer core- liquid 2900 km
Inner core- solid 5100 km
6378 km at point
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6
Q

earths different spheres

A

Hydrosphere- All water on or near earth
Lithosphere- Solid, rocky crust covering earth
Atmosphere- Body of air which surrounds earth
Biosphere- all living organisms

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7
Q

Lithosphere Impact on Earthquakes

A

• In an area with less compacted sediment damage to buildings, structures, power lines falling
• If the rock brakes and crakes, anything on top of this can collapse
When gas pipes, powerlines fall over it can cause fire

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8
Q

Lithosphere Impact on Volcanoes

A

The force due to the eruption can change, destroy or create new types of rocks and landforms such as igneous rocks

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9
Q

Atmosphere Impact on Volcanoes

A

• Short term volcanic ash can be a threat to aircrafts

Long term they produce a lot of CO2 which contributes to the greenhouse gases

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10
Q

Atmosphere Impact on Earthquakes

A

• They contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect
• They release methane from pockets within the ground to the atmosphere by the movements of tectonic plates
If an earthquake has a high enough magnitude it can increase the height of mountains

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11
Q

Biosphere Impact on Earthquakes

A

• Landslides
• Epidemics
• The intense shaking of the earth can cause death or injury (the structures that kill)
• The creations of new springs and lakes by ground breakages (alter the surrounding environment)
Flooding, changes in food chain, changes in animal behaviours, new species and extinction also impact the biosphere

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12
Q

Biosphere Impact on Volcanoes

A

• People, animals, fauna die due to the hot lava and poisonous gas
Long term plant growth and food chain could change

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13
Q

Hydrosphere Impact on Volcanoes

A

• Air pollution
• Also through the rain and lava ash in the water cycle and pollute water
Oceans temperature will rise

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14
Q

Hydrosphere Impact on Earthquakes

A

• Confined and unconfined aquifers affected and can deform due to earths movement
• Groundwater level changes
• Ground breakages create new lakes
• Increase groundwater flor from springs displacing stream channels
• Polluted water
Sewerage can cause disease

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15
Q

What impacts on society do Earthquakes have?

A 
Death,
Destroyed properties
Displaced people/communities
Spread of diseases
Landslides, fires, tsunamis
Money needed for repairs
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16
Q

What impacts on society do Volcanoes have?

A 
Death,
Loss of housing
Displaced people/communities
Spread of diseases
Money needed for repairs
Disruption to aircrafts
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17
Q

Describe a transform boundaries typical activity:

A

The 2 plates move past each other, This causes earthquakes because of it rubbing together of rocks (friction). The plates move very slowly but then suddenly slip quickly (earthquake)

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18
Q

Describe a divergent boundaries typical activity:

A

The plates move apart, new crust forms as magma burst up and forms giant underwater ranges called mid oceanic ridges.

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19
Q

What are the 2 different types of tectonic plates:

A

Oceanic - tectonicplatesthat are at the bottom of the oceans
Continental- Tectonic plates that are under continents

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20
Q

Describe a converging boundaries typical activity:

A

When 2 plates are colliding head on, rock is destroyed at these boundaries. These collisions form an assortment of land features:

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21
Q

What happens when 2 converging continent- continent plates collide

A

When two continental plates collide crust becomes uplifted to form mountain ranges

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22
Q

What happens when converging continent- oceanic plates collide

A

Oceanic crust is thinner so the oceanic crust is pushed down into the mantle. This is called a subduction zone and causes very deep trenches to form

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23
Q

What happens when converging oceanic- oceanic plates collide

A

The faster moving plate moves down into the mantle (subduction zone) and form volcanoes

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24
Q

What causes plates to move?

A

The most commonly accepted theory is the presence of convection currents within the molten rock magma caused by heat from deep in the earth.

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25
Q

What is convection?

A

Convection is the heat transferred due to bulk movement of molecules within fluids

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26
Q

Real life example of convection currents

A

Lava lamp

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27
Q

Explain how the plates move:

A

Rocks near the earths core are heated up and rise towards the crust the higher they are the more they cool down, then they sink to get reheated again. Rocks in the asthenosphere undergo a slow convection. At the top of each cycle the asthenosphere moves sideways and drags the lithosphere along with it, carrying the continents with it.

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28
Q

What causes earthquakes? And Where do they occur?

A

The movement in the earth’s crust. An earthquake is a sudden release of energy from under the ground that energy travels through the ground as distortions called seismic waves. These waves cause shaking, the more energy released the stronger the shaking. Seismic waves travel in all directions from the focus. The point above the focus is known as the epicentre. Earthquakes occur along fault lines associated with plate boundaries. At the boundary between 2 plates friction stops the plates from sliding, this puts strain on the rocks, the more strain builds up the more energy stored in those rocks. Eventually, the strain becomes too high and the plates move suddenly.

29
Q

Where do earthquakes occur?

A

Along fault lines associated with plate boundaries. E.g. Japan, Solomon islands, Peru and New Zealand.

30
Q

How do volcanoes form at hot spots?

Example:

A

When hot spots form in the middle of plates, it remains stationary as the plate continues to move over it. This results in a trail of volcanoes moving away from the hot spot, and newer ones forming over the hot spot. This can form a chain of islands. Hawaii

31
Q

Islands oldest to youngest order:

A

Oldest, middle, youngest, magma hot spot

32
Q

What is the ring of fire?

A

A major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and earthquakes occur.

33
Q

Why do volcanoes and earthquakes occur at the ring of fire?

A

It is due to it being the location of most of the earth’s subduction zones beneath lighter continental plates.

34
Q

Positive impacts of science in keeping people safe in these regions:

A

-Prevents death and injury
Helped educate people on how to react in emergency
-Provided early warning systems to prevent worse tragedy

35
Q

Volcanic early warning systems:

A

The volcano hazards program monitors volcanoes for signs of unrest. They analyse and interpret the data collected from their networks of instruments, when determining when a volcano might erupt past data is crucial. When a volcano begins to show new/unusual activity their monitoring data helps assess volcanic hazards. This data shows scientist if magma liquid is surfacing. From this they can assess hazards and determine real life warnings.

36
Q

Earthquake early warning systems:

A

Earthquakes are not easy to detect. Seismometers monitor earth tremors, experts know where earthquakes are likely to occur but after strenuous attempts they still have not been successful in predicting exactly where an earthquake is going to occur.

37
Q

responding to stimuli- multicellular organisms:

A

Responses allow us to react to changes that may occur around us. These responses increase our chances of surviving in a world full of potential threats. One of the important characteristics of living things is that they respond to information from the stimuli.

38
Q

Stimulus response model:

A

A stimulus is something that acts on a receptor causing a response in an organism e.g. heat, light, pain, sound. When a receptor receives a stimulus a message is sent to an effector such as a gland or muscle. The effector causes a response.

39
Q

The stimulus response for when you cut your finger:

A

Finger cut by knife (stimulus)
Pain and heat receptors in the skin of the finger (receptor)
Arm muscle (effector)
Muscle contracts to withdraw hand from knife (response)

40
Q

Endocrine system

Examples:

A

Uses chemical messages called hormones to transfer information around the body. Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands.
Adrenals /adrenaline /flight or fight response
Ovaries/ Progesterone and estrogen/ control of ovaries and uterus during pregnancy
Pancreas/ insulin and glucagon/ controls blood sugar

41
Q

Nervous system

A

Controls and coordinates all parts of the body. It is made up of two parts.
Central nervous system- brain and spinal cord. They receive messages from all around the body, examine the info and send messages to tell the body what to do
Peripheral nervous system- made up of sensory receptors and nerves. These inform the CNS of changing conditions and transmit the CNS decisions back to the effector organs in the form of electrical pulses.

42
Q

Differences E and N:

A 
E:
Blood stream are the messages
Last a longer duration
Chemical impulses
Travel slowly to site       
N:
Neurons (nerves) messengers
Shorter
Electrical impulses
Quickly
43
Q

Similarities E and N:

A

Both involve transmission of a message that is triggered by a stimulus and produces a response.
Both there to preserve homeostasis

44
Q

Homeostasis : endocrine and nervous system:

A

Unicellular organisms depend on their external environment for everything they need to survive. This means they can only survive in specific external environments.
Multicellular organisms do not have such a large reliance on the external environment. This is because the arrangement of their cells in to different structures provides the cells with an internal environment that differs from the external environment. The process by which the internal environment is kept relatively stable is known as homeostasis.
Homeostasis means that the environment of our cells remains relatively constant.
Controlled variables: temp, PH, glucose levels, water levels etc.
Both the E and N work together to control the above variables.

45
Q

Flight of fight response-when E and N interact

A

When you get a fright the nervous system makes a rapid response to bring about a quick reaction, while the endocrine system reacts more slowly by releasing the hormone adrenaline causing the heart to beat fast, breathing rate to increase, hair on skin to stand up, pupils to dilate. These reactions boost your alertness and the speed of your reaction.

46
Q

Vaccination:

A

A preventative measure to stop people from contracting a disease when they are exposed to the pathogen that cause that disease.

47
Q

Vaccine:

A

A product injected into a person to stimulate the immune system

48
Q

How vaccines are made:

A
  1. Makes the organism (pathogen) that produces the disease- viruses and bacteria can be mass produced un the laboratory by infectious cells grown in tissue culture.
  2. The pathogen must then be altered to ensure that it doesn’t trigger the disease itself- This can be done by: Weakening or attenuating It by growing it repeatedly to select a less dangerous strain or taking off the part of the pathogen that causes the immune response in the vaccine or using the toxin that the pathogen makes and inactivate it
    The treated pathogen id then combined with other ingredients, such as stabilisers and preservatives to produce a dose vaccine.
49
Q

Antigens

A

Pathogens produce proteins called antigens, which trigger the immune system cells to produce antibodies. These antibodies help to identify and remove the pathogens from the body. The immune systems cells learn to recognise specific pathogens.

50
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A

More effective , more powerful, weakened version

51
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

Can be given to people with weakened immune systems, booster shots need to be given

52
Q

Why people are opposed to vaccination:

A

They believe it has long term effects such as autism, other diseases and mild side effects however, there is absolutely no evidence of this.

53
Q

Advantages: Herd immunity

A

Herd immunity those people who can’t/ don’t get vaccinated are benefited. Herd immunity is when the majority of the community gets vaccinated it prevents the spread of infectious diseases. This encourages people to have a vaccination to protect others.
Also stops people in general from getting the disease/ prevents death.

54
Q

Non infectious diseases:

A

Can’t be transmitted from one person to another

55
Q

Types pf non infectious diseases:

A 
Inherited- 
Dietary- 
Environmental- 
Lifestyle- 
Mental- 
Degenerative-
56
Q

Infectious:

A

Can be transmitted from person to person, caused by microorganisms
Occurs when viruses, bacteria or other microbes enter your body and start to multiply.
Disease occurs when the cells in your body are damaged as a result of infection. In response your immune system springs into action to fight off pathogen to prevent infection.

57
Q

Immune

A

= protect = it protects our bodies so we don’t get sick

58
Q

First line-

A

qncludes chemical and physical barriers and is designed to prevent the entry of invading pathogens. Skin- acts as a barrier between pathogens found in the surrounding environment and the inside of your body. The nose, mouth and eyes are places where pathogens can enter your body. However, your body secretes chemicals such as mucus, tears and saliva which act to trap and keep pathogens out.

59
Q

Inherited-

A

genetic disorders usually can’t be contracted and are inherited by parents- down syndrome

60
Q

Dietary-

A

caused by malnutrition and overeating- obesity

61
Q

Occupational-

A

caused by occupational hazards- repetitive strain injury

62
Q

Environmental-

A

environmental factors- skin cancer

63
Q

Lifestyle-

A

caused by bad habits- alcoholism

64
Q

Mental-

A

serious behavioural or emotional problems- schizophrenia

65
Q

Degenerative-

A

Human body structure changes for worse over time- Parkinsin’s

66
Q

Second line-

A

involves internal non specific defences. These include little white blood cells that take up the pathogens called phagocytes which have entered into the body. It is non specific as these immune cells will eat on any pathogen it encounters. It is activated when pathogens make it through the first line of defence. Inflammation is a sign that your second line of defence has been triggered and is the bodies normal response to injuries or infections.

67
Q

Third line-

A

Each different pathogen stimulates the immune system to produce its own particular antibodies because it has its own particular receptors known as antigens. Any molecules that the body recognises as being foreign is called an antigen. When a b cell recognises an antigen it divides repeatedly to produce a mass of identical cells that work as antibody producers. . Antibodies are proteins that the body produces when it detects a foregin microorganism. Antigens join with antibodies so that they are clumped together and can be more easily recognised and destroyed by macrophages.

68
Q

b cells

A

B cells- A special kind of white blood cell produced in bone marrow. Some b cells remain in the blood for years in case the pathogen returns

69
Q

macrophage

A

Macrophage- a type of white blood cell that wanders around the blood and tissue. When they detect a foreign bogy they will surrender and engulf it, often the cell then moves to the skins surface where it is expelled as puss.
second line of defence

science term 4 2018 (3 decks)

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