IS Antibodies Flashcards
AKA as immunoglobulin or gamma globulin and produced in response to an immunogenic stimulation
Antibodies
who created the side chain theory?
Paul Ehrlich
what are the two aspects of side chain theory?
lock-and-key fit and cells with built in capacity
states that cells have a specific receptors for antigen that were present prior to antigen contact and when it is introduced it will select the proper receptor, the receptors would break off and enter the circulation as an antibody molecule and new receptors would form in place of those that are broken off what is it?
Side Chain Theory
who created the instructive theory?
Felix Haurowitz
states that antibody-generating cells can produce a generalized type of antibody and when interaction with antigen occurs, the antigen will serve as a template and alters protein configuration thus a new antibody with a specific fit is made what is it?
Instructive Theory
who formulated clonal selection theory
Niels Jerne and Macfarlane Burnett
states that the lymphocytes are genetically preprogrammed to generate a specific antibody
Clonal Selection Theory
who proposed that genes coding for the constant and variable Ig regions are separate?
Dreyer and Bennet
who discovered the genetic mechanism of antibody diversity
Susumu Tonegawa
what chromosome codes for heavy chains?
chromosome 14
what chromosome codes for kappa?
chromosome 2
what chromosome codes for lambda?
chromosome 22
A classic monomeric antibody consists of?
2 identical light and 2 identical heavy
light chain is covalently bonded to?
heavy chain by disulfide bonds
heavy chain is covalently bonded to?
each other by disulfide bonds
variable regions determines what?
specificity
unique amino acid sequence that is common to all Ig molecules
Isotype
minor variations in heavy chain sequences that are present in some individuals but not to others
Allotype
variable portion of each chain that are unique to a specific antibody molecule
Idiotype
recognition domain; combined VH and VL
Paratope
biological activity of the antibody
CH
it is yielded three fragments
Papain treatment
what are the 3 fragments in papain treatment
2 Fab and 1 Fc
Fab stands for?
fragment antigen binding
Fc stands for?
fragment crystallizable
it is yielded two fragments
Pepsin treatment
what are the 2 fragments in pepsin treatment
F(ab’)2 and Fc’
2 Fab units in a single structure?
F(ab’)2
similar with Fc portion but is disintegrated to smaller pieces?
Fc’
-primary immune response antibody
-is also known as macroglobulin
-has 10 functional binding sites
IgM
half life of IgM
6 days
IgM accounts for ? of total circulating Ig
5-10%
functions of IgM
Complement fixation, Agglutination, Opsonization, Toxin neutralization, B cell receptor
-predominant Ig in humans
-“immune” antibody
-longest half life of all Ig
IgG
half life of IgG
23 days
IgG approximately ? of total circulating Ig
70-75%
functions of IgG
Provides immunity to the newborn, Opsonization, Complement fixation, Neutralization of viruses and toxins, Plays a significant role in HDFN, Participates in precipitation and agglutination reactions
best in agglutination reaction?
IgM
best in precipitation reaction?
IgG
Both IgM and IgG can participate in agglutination reactions? T or F
T
IgA approximately ? of total circulating Ig
10-15%
is joined by j chain and has a secretory component?
IgA2
-mostly found on naive B cells
-discovered from a multiple myeloma patient
IgD
IgD ? total Ig
less than 0.001%
-least abundant, most heat-labile
-cannot cross placenta and do not participate in usual Ig reactions
-causes degranulation and release of vasoactive amines
-involved in hypersensitivity and immune response against helminth infections
IgE
IgE ? total serum Ig
less than 0.0005%
who created monoclonal antibodies?
Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler
states that derived from a single parent antibody-producing cell that has been reproduced multiple times forming a clone what is it?
Monoclonal Antibodies
targets HER-2 protein in breast cancer
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
targets CD20 of B cells in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other B cell malignancies
Rituximab (Rituxan)
for colorectal cancer, and head and neck cancers
Cetuximab (Erbitux)
for colorectal, non-small cell lung, and breast cancers
Bevacizumab (Avastin)
MAb-drug conjugates for B cell malignancies.
Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) and Tositumomab (Bexxar)
anti-inflammatory (for AID).
Infliximab and adalimumab (Humira)
