IS Flashcards
1
Q
Serum antitoxin/ therapy
Awarded as the first immunology-related Nobel Prize for his works on serum therapy
A
Emil von Behring
2
Q
Cellular immunity in Tuberculosis
Demonstration of CUTANEOUS (delayed-type) hypersensitivity.
A
Robert Koch
3
Q
Phagocytosis
A
Elie Metchnikoff
4
Q
Immunity and side chain theory
Antibody formation theory
A
Paul Ehrlich
5
Q
Anaphylaxis
A
Richet and Portier
6
Q
Complement
A
Jules Bordet
7
Q
Human blood group antigens
Discovered ABO blood group (1901)
A
Karl Landsteiner
8
Q
immunologic tolerance
A
Burnet and Medawar
9
Q
Structure of antibodies
A
Edelman and Porter
10
Q
Radioimmunoassay
A
Rosalyn Yalow
11
Q
Major histocompatibility complex
A
Benaceraf, Dausset, and Snell
12
Q
Immunoregulation
A
Niels Jerne
13
Q
Monoclonal antibody
A
Koehler and Milstein
14
Q
ANTIBODY DIVERSITY. On 1978, he discovered the genetic principle underlying the generation of antibodies with different specificities.
A
Susumu Tonegawa
15
Q
Transplantation
A
Thomas and Murray
16
Q
Cytotoxic T cell recognition of virally infected cells
A
Doherty and Zinkernagel
17
Q
Human immunodeficiency virus
A
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier
18
Q
Antibody Structure using pepsin
A
Alfred Nisonoff
19
Q
The ________ practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions.
_____________ method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab (WHO) Smallpox scabs were dried, ground and blown into the nostril using a pipe _________.
A
CHINESE
Variolation
Insuflation
20
Q
Vaccinia
A
Cowpox
21
Q
Variola major
A
Smallpox
22
Q
Variola minor
A
Alastrim
23
Q
AKA Typhoid Mary. A cook and a carrier of Salmonella Typhi (gallbladder) -contaminated with stool
A
Mary Mallon
24
Q
Old World to New World=
New world to Old World=
A
Christopher Columbus
Smallpox (Europe)
Syphilis “NO Syphilis”
25
Demonstrated that protection from cowpox could be generated by the transfer of postural material from a cowpox lesion preventing formation of smallpox lesion (SMALLPOX VACCINATION)
Father of Immunology
Demonstrated the phenomenon of CROSS-IMMUNITY-Exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent.
Edward Jenner
26
Discovered therapeutic vaccination.
Uses live "attenuated" vaccine for CAR _________. Attenuation through aging.
Father of modern microbiology
Louis Pasteur
CAR
Cholera
Anthrax
Rabies
27
Discovered that certain blood cells could ingest foreign material, now classified as phagocytes.
Elie Metchnikoff
28
Discovered precipitins
Robert Kaus
29
Discovery of T cell receptor genes
1984
30
1st recorded blood transfusion
Pope Innocent VII (1492)
31
Use of Sodium phosphate/ phosphate soda as blood preservative
Braxton Hicks (1869)
32
Use of Sodium citrate as blood preservative
Albert Hustin (1914)
33
Determined the minimum concentration of Citrate as anticoagulant
Richard Lewisohn (1915)
34
Acid Citrate dextrose as preservative (ACD)
Loutit and Mollison (1943) WW2
35
Citrate phosphate dextrose as blood preservative (CPD)
Gibson (1957)
36
Carried vein- to-vein transfusion
Edward Lindemann
37
Director of American Red Cross Blood Bank (Father of modem blood banking)
Dr. Charles Drew (WW2)
38
Invented Gel technology
- standardization
Yves Lapierre (1985)
39
Humoral theory of immunity proposed
Von Behring, Kitasata
40
Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity
Maurice Arthus
41
Hyposthesis of antigen-antibody binding
Hypothesis of allograft rejection
Marrack
42
Polio vaccine
Silk and Sabin
43
Vaccine against yellow fever
GVHD
Reed
44
Clonal selection Theory
Burnet
45
Development of human papillomavirus vaccine
Frazer
46
Successful transfusion by _________ to a woman suffering from postpartum hemorrhage.
James Blundell of ENGLAND (1892)
47
Defined the fourth group AB
Descatello and Sturli
48
AKA Innate, inborn, non-adaptive immune system
-
Ability of the body to resist infection by means of normally present body function.
Non-specific immune response, same response to all antigens. No memory cells formed. No PRIOR exposure.
NATURAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
49
Factors affecting natural immunity
Nutrition, age, fatigue, stress and genetic determinants.
50
5 parts of natural immune system
A. Ist line of defense/External immune defense
B. 2nd line of immune defense
C. Phagocytosis
D. Inflammation
E. Acute phase reactants
51
Physical/Anatomic barriers
Unbroken skin
Mucous membrane
Ciliary action
Secretions
52
Cleaves cell wall of certain bacteria (G+)
Found un tears, saliva and other cells
Lysozyme
53
Digest bacterial surface protein
Pepsin
54
Binds iron which is essential for bacterial growth
Lactoferrin
55
Stomach pH
1
56
Skin pH
5.5-5.6
57
Vaginal pH
5
58
Respond to bacterial infection
Most efficient and first to migrate
Neutrophils
59
Respiratory burst or Oxidative burst
Myeloperoxidase
60
Present in primary and secondary granules and degrades bacterial cell wall
Lysozyme or muramidase
61
Most effective, most potent phagocytic cells in the tissue
Dendritic cells
62
Dentritic cells in SKIN (epidermis)
Langerhans cells
63
Dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid organs and thymus
Interdigitating dendritic cells
64
Dendritic cells in major organs (heart, lungs, liver, kidney, GIT)
Interstitial dendritic cells
65
Macrophage in LIVER
Kupffer cells
66
Brain macrophage
Microglial cells
67
Kidney macrophage
Mesangial cells
68
Lungs macrophage
Alveolar cells
69
Bones macrophage
Osteoclast
70
Spleen macrophage
Littoral cells
71
Tissue-based basophils
Most granulated tissue
Mast cells
72
Parasitic and helminthic infection and allergy.
Realeses MBP- neutralizes histamine
Eosinophils
73
Respond to allergic or hypersensitivity reactions
HISTAMINE- mediate some hypersensitivity reactions
Basophil
74
Kills infected cells in two ways:
-ADCC
-recognition of stress protein combined with the absence of inhibitory signals
AKA: NULL LYMPHOCYTE or LAKs when exposed to IL-2 and IFN-y
NK CELLS
75
It attacks virally infected cells and tumor cells by perforins and grandzymes secretion.
Express CD 16 and 56
NK cells
76
Inhibitory receptors of NK CELLS which recognize the presence of MHC class I.
KIR and CD94/NKG2A
77
Humoral components
Inflammation
Complement
Cytokines
Phyagocytosis
78
Serum protein with bactericidal and viricidal effects in the presence of the third complement component and Mg. ions.
Properdin
79
Heat stable cationic substance
Betalysin
80
Important role as a transitional cell bridging the INNATE and ACQUIRED response to pathogens
NK CELLS
81
Receptor for the FC portion of IgG
CD 16
82
Engulfment and destruction of microorganisms or damage cells
Phagocytosis
83
Initiated by tissue damage, either trauma or bacterial multiplication
INITIATION
84
Cells tend to move in a certain direction by chemotaxin
CHEMOTAXIS
85
Test for chemotaxis
Boyden chamber
86
Migration is TOWARD to the site
Positive chemotaxis
87
Migration AWAY from the site
Negative chemotaxis
88
Toll like receptor for MYCOBACTERIA
TLR-1
89
TLR for G(+) bacteria (targets techoic acid)
TLR-2
90
TLR for gram neg. bacterial (targeting lipopolysaccharide)
TLR-4
91
Macrophage mannose receptor
Calcium dependent lecithin/C-type lecithin receptor/CLR
92
Recognizes anionic polymers and proteins
Scavenger receptor
93
Recognizes RNA from RNA viruses
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor/RLP
94
Speeding up phagocytosis
Opsonin
95
NADPH OXIDASE enzyme activity leads to formation of ROS
Respiratory burst
96
Leads to production of hypochlorite
Myeloperoxidase system
97
Cleaves bacterial cell membrane
Defensins
98
Cleaves bacterial cell wall
Lysozyme
99
Produced by IFN-y activated macrophage
Nitric oxide
100
Body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by infectious agent.
Inflammation
101
Associated with HDL cholesterol, activated monocytes and macrophages. More in bacterial infections than viral infections
Serum Amyloid A
102
Redness/erythema
RUBOR
103
Hear
CALOR
104
Pain
DOLOR
105
Swelling/edema
TUMOR
106
Loss of function
FUNCTIO LAESA
107
Indicates ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Mobilization of neutrophils after injury:____
Emigration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation may last for how many hours?
Neutrophils
30-60 minutes
24-48 hours
108
Arrived later than neutophils. Peaks at 16-48 hrs which indicates CHRONIC inflammation.
Produces IL-1 leading to the production of IL-2, fever and increase APR.
Macrophage
109
More sensitive and reliable indicator of inflammation than ESR
Non-specific indicator of inflammation
CRP
Half-life: 19 hours
Increased:
-bacterial infection
-viral infection
-Rheumatic fever
-malignant disease
-tuberculosis
-after heart attack
110
Serologic test for CRO
Reverse passive agglutination
111
Positive result in Complement fixation test
No hemolysis
112
Soluble proteins that leads to cytolysis
Complement
113
Polypeptide products that regulated immune response
Cytokines
114
A group of cytokines discovered in virally infected cultured cells that interfere with viral replication, virus NON specific but HOST specific.
Act as antiviral agents, immunomodulators and neoplastic agents
Interferons
115
IFN in MHC class I
IFN-a
IFN-b
116
MHC class 2 IFN
IFN-y
117
AKA Leukocyte IFN
IFN-a
118
Producer cells of IFN-a
Null lymphocyte/NK cells
119
Also known as epithelial fibroblast IFN
IFN-b
120
Also known as Immune IFN
IFN-y
121
Antagonist to IL-4 and the major macrophage-activating cytokine and serves as critical function in innate immunity and specific cell mediated immunity
IFN-y
122
Products of virally transformed cells which induce phenotypic transformation in non-neoplastic cells.
Transforming Growth Factors
123
A cytokine that induce anti proliferative activity in a variety of cell types and down regulation of the inflammatory response
TGF-B
