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1
Q

Serum antitoxin/ therapy
Awarded as the first immunology-related Nobel Prize for his works on serum therapy

A

Emil von Behring

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2
Q

Cellular immunity in Tuberculosis
Demonstration of CUTANEOUS (delayed-type) hypersensitivity.

A

Robert Koch

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3
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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4
Q

Immunity and side chain theory
Antibody formation theory

A

Paul Ehrlich

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5
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Richet and Portier

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6
Q

Complement

A

Jules Bordet

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7
Q

Human blood group antigens

Discovered ABO blood group (1901)

A

Karl Landsteiner

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8
Q

immunologic tolerance

A

Burnet and Medawar

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9
Q

Structure of antibodies

A

Edelman and Porter

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10
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

Rosalyn Yalow

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11
Q

Major histocompatibility complex

A

Benaceraf, Dausset, and Snell

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12
Q

Immunoregulation

A

Niels Jerne

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13
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A

Koehler and Milstein

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14
Q

ANTIBODY DIVERSITY. On 1978, he discovered the genetic principle underlying the generation of antibodies with different specificities.

A

Susumu Tonegawa

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15
Q

Transplantation

A

Thomas and Murray

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16
Q

Cytotoxic T cell recognition of virally infected cells

A

Doherty and Zinkernagel

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17
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus

A

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier

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18
Q

Antibody Structure using pepsin

A

Alfred Nisonoff

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19
Q

The ________ practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions.
_____________ method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab (WHO) Smallpox scabs were dried, ground and blown into the nostril using a pipe _________.

A

CHINESE

Variolation
Insuflation

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20
Q

Vaccinia

A

Cowpox

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21
Q

Variola major

A

Smallpox

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22
Q

Variola minor

A

Alastrim

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23
Q

AKA Typhoid Mary. A cook and a carrier of Salmonella Typhi (gallbladder) -contaminated with stool

A

Mary Mallon

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24
Q

Old World to New World=

New world to Old World=

A

Christopher Columbus

Smallpox (Europe)

Syphilis “NO Syphilis”

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25
Q

Demonstrated that protection from cowpox could be generated by the transfer of postural material from a cowpox lesion preventing formation of smallpox lesion (SMALLPOX VACCINATION)

Father of Immunology

Demonstrated the phenomenon of CROSS-IMMUNITY-Exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent.

A

Edward Jenner

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26
Q

Discovered therapeutic vaccination.
Uses live “attenuated” vaccine for CAR _________. Attenuation through aging.

Father of modern microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

CAR
Cholera
Anthrax
Rabies

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27
Q

Discovered that certain blood cells could ingest foreign material, now classified as phagocytes.

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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28
Q

Discovered precipitins

A

Robert Kaus

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29
Q

Discovery of T cell receptor genes

A

1984

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30
Q

1st recorded blood transfusion

A

Pope Innocent VII (1492)

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31
Q

Use of Sodium phosphate/ phosphate soda as blood preservative

A

Braxton Hicks (1869)

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32
Q

Use of Sodium citrate as blood preservative

A

Albert Hustin (1914)

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33
Q

Determined the minimum concentration of Citrate as anticoagulant

A

Richard Lewisohn (1915)

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34
Q

Acid Citrate dextrose as preservative (ACD)

A

Loutit and Mollison (1943) WW2

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35
Q

Citrate phosphate dextrose as blood preservative (CPD)

A

Gibson (1957)

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36
Q

Carried vein- to-vein transfusion

A

Edward Lindemann

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37
Q

Director of American Red Cross Blood Bank (Father of modem blood banking)

A

Dr. Charles Drew (WW2)

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38
Q

Invented Gel technology
- standardization

A

Yves Lapierre (1985)

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39
Q

Humoral theory of immunity proposed

A

Von Behring, Kitasata

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40
Q

Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity

A

Maurice Arthus

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41
Q

Hyposthesis of antigen-antibody binding
Hypothesis of allograft rejection

A

Marrack

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42
Q

Polio vaccine

A

Silk and Sabin

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43
Q

Vaccine against yellow fever
GVHD

A

Reed

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44
Q

Clonal selection Theory

A

Burnet

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45
Q

Development of human papillomavirus vaccine

A

Frazer

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46
Q

Successful transfusion by _________ to a woman suffering from postpartum hemorrhage.

A

James Blundell of ENGLAND (1892)

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47
Q

Defined the fourth group AB

A

Descatello and Sturli

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48
Q

Ability of the body to resist infection by means of normally present body function.

Non-specific immune response, same response to all antigens. No memory cells formed. No PRIOR exposure.

A

NATURAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

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49
Q

Factors affecting natural immunity

A

Nutrition, age, fatigue, stress and genetic determinants.

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50
Q

5 parts of natural immune system

A

A. Ist line of defense/External immune defense
B. 2nd line of immune defense
C. Phagocytosis
D. Inflammation
E. Acute phase reactants

51
Q

Physical/Anatomic barriers

A

Unbroken skin
Mucous membrane
Ciliary action
Secretions

52
Q

Cleaves cell wall of certain bacteria (G+)
Found un tears, saliva and other cells

53
Q

Digest bacterial surface protein

54
Q

Binds iron which is essential for bacterial growth

A

Lactoferrin

55
Q

Stomach pH

56
Q

Skin pH

57
Q

Vaginal pH

58
Q

Respond to bacterial infection
Most efficient and first to migrate

A

Neutrophils

59
Q

Respiratory burst or Oxidative burst

A

Myeloperoxidase

60
Q

Present in primary and secondary granules and degrades bacterial cell wall

A

Lysozyme or muramidase

61
Q

Most effective, most potent phagocytic cells in the tissue

A

Dendritic cells

62
Q

Dentritic cells in SKIN (epidermis)

A

Langerhans cells

63
Q

Dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid organs and thymus

A

Interdigitating dendritic cells

64
Q

Dendritic cells in major organs (heart, lungs, liver, kidney, GIT)

A

Interstitial dendritic cells

65
Q

Macrophage in LIVER

A

Kupffer cells

66
Q

Brain macrophage

A

Microglial cells

67
Q

Kidney macrophage

A

Mesangial cells

68
Q

Lungs macrophage

A

Alveolar cells

69
Q

Bones macrophage

A

Osteoclast

70
Q

Spleen macrophage

A

Littoral cells

71
Q

Tissue-based basophils
Most granulated tissue

A

Mast cells

72
Q

Parasitic and helminthic infection and allergy.
Realeses MBP- neutralizes histamine

A

Eosinophils

73
Q

Respond to allergic or hypersensitivity reactions
HISTAMINE- mediate some hypersensitivity reactions

74
Q

Kills infected cells in two ways:
-ADCC
-recognition of stress protein combined with the absence of inhibitory signals
AKA: NULL LYMPHOCYTE or LAKs when exposed to IL-2 and IFN-y

75
Q

It attacks virally infected cells and tumor cells by perforins and grandzymes secretion.

Express CD 16 and 56

76
Q

Inhibitory receptors of NK CELLS which recognize the presence of MHC class I.

A

KIR and CD94/NKG2A

77
Q

Humoral components

A

Inflammation
Complement
Cytokines
Phyagocytosis

78
Q

Serum protein with bactericidal and viricidal effects in the presence of the third complement component and Mg. ions.

79
Q

Heat stable cationic substance

80
Q

Important role as a transitional cell bridging the INNATE and ACQUIRED response to pathogens

81
Q

Receptor for the FC portion of IgG

82
Q

Engulfment and destruction of microorganisms or damage cells

A

Phagocytosis

83
Q

Initiated by tissue damage, either trauma or bacterial multiplication

A

INITIATION

84
Q

Cells tend to move in a certain direction by chemotaxin

A

CHEMOTAXIS

85
Q

Test for chemotaxis

A

Boyden chamber

86
Q

Migration is TOWARD to the site

A

Positive chemotaxis

87
Q

Migration AWAY from the site

A

Negative chemotaxis

88
Q

Toll like receptor for MYCOBACTERIA

89
Q

TLR for G(+) bacteria (targets techoic acid)

90
Q

TLR for gram neg. bacterial (targeting lipopolysaccharide)

91
Q

Macrophage mannose receptor

A

Calcium dependent lecithin/C-type lecithin receptor/CLR

92
Q

Recognizes anionic polymers and proteins

A

Scavenger receptor

93
Q

Recognizes RNA from RNA viruses

A

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor/RLP

94
Q

Speeding up phagocytosis

95
Q

NADPH OXIDASE enzyme activity leads to formation of ROS

A

Respiratory burst

96
Q

Leads to production of hypochlorite

A

Myeloperoxidase system

97
Q

Cleaves bacterial cell membrane

98
Q

Cleaves bacterial cell wall

99
Q

Produced by IFN-y activated macrophage

A

Nitric oxide

100
Q

Body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by infectious agent.

A

Inflammation

101
Q

Associated with HDL cholesterol, activated monocytes and macrophages. More in bacterial infections than viral infections

A

Serum Amyloid A

102
Q

Redness/erythema

103
Q

Hear

104
Q

Pain

105
Q

Swelling/edema

106
Q

Loss of function

A

FUNCTIO LAESA

107
Q

Indicates ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Mobilization of neutrophils after injury:____
Emigration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation may last for how many hours?

A

Neutrophils
30-60 minutes
24-48 hours

108
Q

Arrived later than neutophils. Peaks at 16-48 hrs which indicates CHRONIC inflammation.
Produces IL-1 leading to the production of IL-2, fever and increase APR.

A

Macrophage

109
Q

More sensitive and reliable indicator of inflammation than ESR
Non-specific indicator of inflammation

A

CRP

Half-life: 19 hours
Increased:
-bacterial infection
-viral infection
-Rheumatic fever
-malignant disease
-tuberculosis
-after heart attack

110
Q

Serologic test for CRO

A

Reverse passive agglutination

111
Q

Positive result in Complement fixation test

A

No hemolysis

112
Q

Soluble proteins that leads to cytolysis

A

Complement

113
Q

Polypeptide products that regulated immune response

114
Q

A group of cytokines discovered in virally infected cultured cells that interfere with viral replication, virus NON specific but HOST specific.

Act as antiviral agents, immunomodulators and neoplastic agents

A

Interferons

115
Q

IFN in MHC class I

A

IFN-a
IFN-b

116
Q

MHC class 2 IFN

117
Q

AKA Leukocyte IFN

118
Q

Producer cells of IFN-a

A

Null lymphocyte/NK cells

119
Q

Also known as epithelial fibroblast IFN

120
Q

Also known as Immune IFN

121
Q

Antagonist to IL-4 and the major macrophage-activating cytokine and serves as critical function in innate immunity and specific cell mediated immunity

122
Q

Products of virally transformed cells which induce phenotypic transformation in non-neoplastic cells.

A

Transforming Growth Factors

123
Q

A cytokine that induce anti proliferative activity in a variety of cell types and down regulation of the inflammatory response

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