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Irreversible cellular injury and cellular death Flashcards

1
Q

Autolysis

A

post-mortem self-digestion of tissues and cells due to hydrolytic enzymes normally present in those tissues

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2
Q

Putrefaction

A

bacterial post-mortem breakdown of tissues

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3
Q

Postmortem changes include

A

autolysis and putrefaction

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4
Q

why does the appearance of necrotic cells vary?

A

due to the tissue involved, the cause of cell death and the duration of time

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5
Q

oncosis

A

oncotic necrosis

cells die due to acute swelling

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6
Q

pyknosis

A

chromatin clumps together

nucleus looks extra dark

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7
Q

karyolysis

A

breakdown of nucleus (no visible nucleus)

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8
Q

absence of nucleus

A

later stage of karyolysis

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9
Q

karyohexis

A

early stage of nucleus breakdown

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10
Q

cytoplasm of necrotic cells

A

becomes pink due to the loss of basophilic nucleus and degradation of cytoplasmic proteins

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11
Q

necrotic cells in lumen and surfaces

A

become free and lose adherence to their neighbours

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12
Q

first stage of all necrosis

A

coagulation necrosis

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13
Q

cell outlines in coagulation necrosis?

A

are preserved

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14
Q

cytoplasm in coagulation necrosis?

A

eosinophilic and homogenous (cell proteins coagulate)

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15
Q

why proteolysis is delayed in coagulation necrosis?

A

because as well as structural proteins, also enzymes are denatured

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16
Q

nuclei in coagulation necrosis?

A

pyknotic, karyorrhectic, karyolytic or absent

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17
Q

how does coagulation necrosis look like

A

whitish-yellow lesion with red rim due to acute inflammation

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18
Q

where is coagulation necrosis seen?

A

usually in liver, kidney and muscle, but can be anywhere except in brain

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19
Q

what causes coagulation necrosis

A

hypoxia
ischemia
sometimes bacterial exotoxins or chemical toxins

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20
Q

caseation necrosis

A

dead cells get converted in granular friable mass

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21
Q

how does caseation necrosis look alike?

A

like cottage cheese

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22
Q

of what is the caseation necrosis focus composed of?

A

nuclear, cytoplasmic debris, mainly dead leukocytes

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23
Q

which is more recent, coagulation or caseous necrosis?

A

coagulation is more recent, caseous necrosis tells about chronic problem

24
Q

what tissues are affected by caseation necrosis?

A

any except brain. usually found in lungs

25
what happens to cell walls in caseous necrosis?
they are disrupted and cell architecture is altered. sometimes cells are mineralised
26
dystrophic calcification
mineralisation that happens in caseation necrosis
27
what is thought to be the cause of dystrophic calcification?
delayed decradation of bacterial cell wall
28
common cause of dystrophic calcification?
tuberculosis and pseudotuberculosis
29
liquefactive necrosis
cells turn into liquid after hypoxic death
30
what tissues are affected by liquefactive necrosis?
CNS
31
what happens to neuron cell bodies before liquefactive necrosis?
they show signs of coagulation necrosis
32
why hypoxic death causes liquefactive necrosis in CNS
CNS cells have high amount of cell membrane which is rapidly dissoluted enzymatically in hypoxia
33
what happens before gangrenous necrosis?
coagulation necrosis
34
gangrenous necrosis types?
moist, dry and gas gangrene
35
moist gangrene necrosis
liqufactive extra-degradation of already necrotic area by saprophytic bacteria
36
what causes moist gangrene necrosis?
infarction of extremity or intestine - for example too tight bandage that cuts the blood supply aspirated irritant agents in lungs
37
where do the saprophytic bacteria come to the already necrotic tissue?
from environment - soil - air - skin - contamination
38
what is the gross appearance of moist gangrene necrosis?
tissues are: - soft - moist - reddish-brown to black gas and putrid (mätä) odor might be present
39
what happens to moist gangrene tissues if not death?
tissue gets separated and drops of
40
dry gangrene necrosis
coagulation necrosis is followed by mummification
41
where does dry gangrene necrosis usually happen?
in extremities (tail, ears, udders)
42
what causes dry gangrene necrosis?
frostbite or ingested toxins
43
why does mummification happen in dry gangrene necrosis?
after necrosis, the tissues get depleted of water
44
is there bacteria present in dry gangrene necrosis?
no, dry tissues are not suitable for proliferation
45
how does dry gangrene necrosis look in gross appearance?
- shriveled (ruttuinen) - dry - brown to black
46
gas gangrene necrosis
anaerobic bacteria (clostridium) proliferate in already necrotic tissues and produces gas
47
what causes gas gangrene necrosis?
deep wounds allow the penetration of clostridia which get anaerobic medium from necrotic tissue
48
how gas gangrene looks in gross appearance?
dark red to black with gas bubbles | bloody exudate sometimes present
49
how gas gangrene necrosis looks microscopically?
coagulation necrosis of a muscle with gas bubble and serohaemorrgaic exudate
50
fat necrosis types
enzymatic/pancreatic fat necrosis traumatic fat necrosis cattle abdominal fat necrosis
51
enzymatic fat necrosis
breakage of fat near pancreas due to leaked pancreatic lipases
52
how does enzymatic fat necrosis look alike?
chalky to gritty white/pale fat near pancreas | often saponified
53
traumatic fat necrosis
adipose tissue is crushed | often after giving birth/trauma in the subcutaneous tissue/recumbency in cattle
54
cattle abdominal fat necrosis
large masses of necrotic fat in cattle abdomen (retroperitoneally, in the omentum, mesentery) due to an unknown cause
55
how does saponified fat look microscopically?
necrotic adipocytes look basophilic if saponification present

Anatomical pathology (5 decks)

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