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Anatomical pathology > Irreversible cellular injury and cellular death > Flashcards

Irreversible cellular injury and cellular death Flashcards

1
Q

Autolysis

A

post-mortem self-digestion of tissues and cells due to hydrolytic enzymes normally present in those tissues

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2
Q

Putrefaction

A

bacterial post-mortem breakdown of tissues

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3
Q

Postmortem changes include

A

autolysis and putrefaction

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4
Q

why does the appearance of necrotic cells vary?

A

due to the tissue involved, the cause of cell death and the duration of time

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5
Q

oncosis

A

oncotic necrosis

cells die due to acute swelling

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6
Q

pyknosis

A

chromatin clumps together

nucleus looks extra dark

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7
Q

karyolysis

A

breakdown of nucleus (no visible nucleus)

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8
Q

absence of nucleus

A

later stage of karyolysis

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9
Q

karyohexis

A

early stage of nucleus breakdown

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10
Q

cytoplasm of necrotic cells

A

becomes pink due to the loss of basophilic nucleus and degradation of cytoplasmic proteins

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11
Q

necrotic cells in lumen and surfaces

A

become free and lose adherence to their neighbours

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12
Q

first stage of all necrosis

A

coagulation necrosis

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13
Q

cell outlines in coagulation necrosis?

A

are preserved

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14
Q

cytoplasm in coagulation necrosis?

A

eosinophilic and homogenous (cell proteins coagulate)

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15
Q

why proteolysis is delayed in coagulation necrosis?

A

because as well as structural proteins, also enzymes are denatured

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16
Q

nuclei in coagulation necrosis?

A

pyknotic, karyorrhectic, karyolytic or absent

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17
Q

how does coagulation necrosis look like

A

whitish-yellow lesion with red rim due to acute inflammation

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18
Q

where is coagulation necrosis seen?

A

usually in liver, kidney and muscle, but can be anywhere except in brain

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19
Q

what causes coagulation necrosis

A

hypoxia
ischemia
sometimes bacterial exotoxins or chemical toxins

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20
Q

caseation necrosis

A

dead cells get converted in granular friable mass

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21
Q

how does caseation necrosis look alike?

A

like cottage cheese

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22
Q

of what is the caseation necrosis focus composed of?

A

nuclear, cytoplasmic debris, mainly dead leukocytes

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23
Q

which is more recent, coagulation or caseous necrosis?

A

coagulation is more recent, caseous necrosis tells about chronic problem

24
Q

what tissues are affected by caseation necrosis?

A

any except brain. usually found in lungs

25
Q

what happens to cell walls in caseous necrosis?

A

they are disrupted and cell architecture is altered. sometimes cells are mineralised

26
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

mineralisation that happens in caseation necrosis

27
Q

what is thought to be the cause of dystrophic calcification?

A

delayed decradation of bacterial cell wall

28
Q

common cause of dystrophic calcification?

A

tuberculosis and pseudotuberculosis

29
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

cells turn into liquid after hypoxic death

30
Q

what tissues are affected by liquefactive necrosis?

A

CNS

31
Q

what happens to neuron cell bodies before liquefactive necrosis?

A

they show signs of coagulation necrosis

32
Q

why hypoxic death causes liquefactive necrosis in CNS

A

CNS cells have high amount of cell membrane which is rapidly dissoluted enzymatically in hypoxia

33
Q

what happens before gangrenous necrosis?

A

coagulation necrosis

34
Q

gangrenous necrosis types?

A

moist, dry and gas gangrene

35
Q

moist gangrene necrosis

A

liqufactive extra-degradation of already necrotic area by saprophytic bacteria

36
Q

what causes moist gangrene necrosis?

A

infarction of extremity or intestine
- for example too tight bandage that cuts the blood
supply

aspirated irritant agents in lungs

37
Q

where do the saprophytic bacteria come to the already necrotic tissue?

A

from environment

  • soil
  • air
  • skin
  • contamination
38
Q

what is the gross appearance of moist gangrene necrosis?

A

tissues are:

  • soft
  • moist
  • reddish-brown to black

gas and putrid (mätä) odor might be present

39
Q

what happens to moist gangrene tissues if not death?

A

tissue gets separated and drops of

40
Q

dry gangrene necrosis

A

coagulation necrosis is followed by mummification

41
Q

where does dry gangrene necrosis usually happen?

A

in extremities (tail, ears, udders)

42
Q

what causes dry gangrene necrosis?

A

frostbite or ingested toxins

43
Q

why does mummification happen in dry gangrene necrosis?

A

after necrosis, the tissues get depleted of water

44
Q

is there bacteria present in dry gangrene necrosis?

A

no, dry tissues are not suitable for proliferation

45
Q

how does dry gangrene necrosis look in gross appearance?

A
  • shriveled (ruttuinen)
  • dry
  • brown to black
46
Q

gas gangrene necrosis

A

anaerobic bacteria (clostridium) proliferate in already necrotic tissues and produces gas

47
Q

what causes gas gangrene necrosis?

A

deep wounds allow the penetration of clostridia which get anaerobic medium from necrotic tissue

48
Q

how gas gangrene looks in gross appearance?

A

dark red to black with gas bubbles

bloody exudate sometimes present

49
Q

how gas gangrene necrosis looks microscopically?

A

coagulation necrosis of a muscle with gas bubble and serohaemorrgaic exudate

50
Q

fat necrosis types

A

enzymatic/pancreatic fat necrosis
traumatic fat necrosis
cattle abdominal fat necrosis

51
Q

enzymatic fat necrosis

A

breakage of fat near pancreas due to leaked pancreatic lipases

52
Q

how does enzymatic fat necrosis look alike?

A

chalky to gritty white/pale fat near pancreas

often saponified

53
Q

traumatic fat necrosis

A

adipose tissue is crushed

often after giving birth/trauma in the subcutaneous tissue/recumbency in cattle

54
Q

cattle abdominal fat necrosis

A

large masses of necrotic fat in cattle abdomen (retroperitoneally, in the omentum, mesentery) due to an unknown cause

55
Q

how does saponified fat look microscopically?

A

necrotic adipocytes look basophilic if saponification present

Anatomical pathology (5 decks)

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