Chronic cell injury and adaptation

Question 1

how cells respond to injury or stress?

Answer 1

adaptation, death or reversible injury

Question 2

sublethal injury over time leads to?

Answer 2

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, other ways of degeneration

Question 3

what do cells do in case of sublethal injury?

Answer 3

autophagocytosis

Question 4

autophagocytosis

Answer 4

removal of damaged organelles by phagocytosis

Question 5

how is autophagocytosis seen microscopically?

Answer 5

as autophagic vacuoles which appear as eosinophilic inclusions

Question 6

what happens to the autophagic vacuoles?

Answer 6

some are evicted, others remain as residual bodies

Question 7

where are autophagic vacuoles commen as residual bodies?

Answer 7

liver and kidney

Question 8

adaptive changes of the cell

Answer 8

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
metaplasia
atrophy

Question 9

metaplasia

Answer 9

change of cell type

Question 10

hypertrophy

Answer 10

increase in cell size due to increase of structural components of the cell

Question 11

effects of hypertrophy

Answer 11

increased functional capacity

Question 12

hypertrophy can be?

Answer 12

pathological or physiological

Question 13

Physiological hypertrophy is caused by?

Answer 13

Hormonal stimulation

• lactation
• gestation

Greater functional demand

• increased muscle workload
• growth of the right side of cardiac muscle due to stenosis

Question 14

What is the difference between the hypertrophy of both sides of heart vs one side of the heart?

Answer 14

Both sides: systemic

One side: local

Question 15

Pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 15

-compensation mechanism for a lost/impaired organ

or a part of organ

Question 16

if two paired organs are of different size which one is normal?

Answer 16

usually none, since other has often atrophy and the other hypertrophy as compensation

Question 17

Hyperplasia

Answer 17

increase in the nr of cells due to increased mitotic division

Question 18

what is the relationship between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 18

they often go hand in hand although they are two different processes. macroscopically it is impossible whether the organ has enlargened due to hyperplasia or hypertrophy

Question 19

which cells are easily affected by hyperplasia?

Answer 19

epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow

Question 20

which cells aren’t easily affected by hyperplasia?

Answer 20

neurons

cardiac and skeletal myocytes

Question 21

physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 21

hormonal or compensatory

Question 22

pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 22

chronic irritation or hormonal stimulation (for

example, goiter)

Question 23

nodular hyperplasia

Answer 23

normal in older animals, especially in spleen

Question 24

can metaplasia change the cell to any type of cell?

Answer 24

no, only to a cell of the same germline

Question 25

typical metaplasia

Answer 25

the specialized epithelium is replaced by less specialised epithelium

Question 26

why metaplasia happens?

Answer 26

usually an adaptive change to adverse environmental conditions

Question 27

is metaplasia reversible or irreversible?

Answer 27

reversible if the cause is removed, however it can lead to neoplastic changes

Question 28

atrophy

Answer 28

decrease in cell/tissue/organ amount or size after the normal growth

Question 29

atrophy types

Answer 29

physiological (for example, post-partum uterus) or pathological

Question 30

causes of atrophy

Answer 30

decreased use (muscle) denervation (nerve damage causes muscle atrophy) decreased blood supply (liver) lack of nutrient supply (fat and weight loss) loss of endocrine stimulation (mammary gland) senility pressure (mass, hydrocephalus, compression)

Question 31

examples of decreased blood supply atrophy causes

Answer 31

shunt (blood goes to wrong place)

Question 32

common causes of pressure atrophy?

Answer 32

masses and lesions cause atrophy in adjacent tissues

Question 33

lipomatous pseudohypertrophy

Answer 33

form of atrophy where muscle fibers die but the tissue looks enlargened due to fat accumulation

Question 34

serous atrophy

Answer 34

typical finding in cachexy | loss of fat which is replaced by gelatinous tissue

Question 35

when fat is lost from heart?

Answer 35

in very severe cachexy | serous atrophy