Intro and cell injury

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

any deviation in structure or function

Question 2

pathogenesis

Answer 2

mechanism of how a disease develops from its initiation to its cellular and molecular manifestations

Question 3

how are tissues fixed in pathology

Answer 3

in 10% formalin

Question 4

how are membranes and organelles seen in anatomic pathology?

Answer 4

As targets for injury by microbes, harmful environmental agents, and a variety of genetic, metabolic and toxicological diseases.

Question 5

primary cause of abnormal function and disease?

Answer 5

individual cells

Question 6

which specialised areas are often targeted in diseases?

Answer 6

microvili and cilia

Question 7

how microbes get into the cells?

Answer 7

by transmembrane proteins

Question 8

excessive physological stimuli or pathological stimuli leads to

Answer 8

adaptation

Question 9

what happens when cell can no longer maintain steady state?

Answer 9

cell injury

Question 10

what happens after cell injury

Answer 10

sometimes reversion, other times death

Question 11

necrosis

Answer 11

= oncosis

cell death by swelling

Question 12

apoptosis

Answer 12

programmed cell death

Question 13

how are cell injuries classified by cause?

Answer 13

extrinsic (physical trauma, microbe)
intrinsic (spontaneous genetic mutations)
mixed (workload, nutrition, immunological)

Question 14

what is the general mechanisms of injury?

Answer 14

ATP loss due to hypoxia
membrane damage
disturbances of genetic material or cellular metabolism

Question 15

what is in between of reversible and irreversible cell damage?

Answer 15

point of no return

Question 16

irreversible cell injury leads to

Answer 16

cell death

Question 17

most common cause of cell injury?

Answer 17

hypoxia

Question 18

which cells are most sensitive to hypoxia

Answer 18

renal tubule cells, neurons, hepatocytes, cardiac myocytes

Question 19

hypoxia does not stop?

Answer 19

anaerobic energy production

Question 20

hypoxia results from

Answer 20

inadequate blood oxygenation
reduced transport of blood
blokage of cell respiratory enzymes

Question 21

physical agents that cause cell injury

Answer 21

mechanical trauma
extreme temperature
sudden changes in atmospheric pressure
electric shock (alteration of nerve/muscle conduction + heat)
radiation (free radicals and mutations)

Question 22

nutritional problems causing cell injury?

Answer 22

deficiency of proteins, calories, fat
excess of calories
vitamin and mineral imbalances

Question 23

why mutations cause cell injuries?

Answer 23

a wrong (possible non-functional) protein is formed

Question 24

immunologic causes of cell injury

Answer 24

immunodeficiency-> lack of response
autoimmune disease -> response against own tissue
hypersensitivity/allergy -> too strong response

Question 25

hydropic degeneration

Answer 25

acute cell swelling/most common cause of cell injury

Question 26

hydropic degeneration/how it happens

Answer 26

lack of oxygen->leads to depletion of ATP
cell homeostasis needs active pumps which cannot work without ATP
ion imbalance leads to water getting in
in the end, cell swells, vacuoles form and it may even burst

Question 27

difference in between hypoxia and ischemia

Answer 27

hypoxia is the most common cause of acute cell swelling but it is less severe than ischemia (lack of blood supply) because in ischemia none of the other substances carried by blood (such as nutrients) are not delivered

Question 28

cell membrane injury leads to

Answer 28

hypotonic lysis by water overload

Question 29

gross appearance of acute cell swelling

Answer 29

pale, swollen and bulging organism

Question 30

cells that are highly vulnerable to cell swelling and hypoxia

Answer 30

neurons -> coma
endothelium > obstruction of the lumen
renal epithelium > problems to absorb and secrete
myocardial cells > problems with contraction/rhytm