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GI > Iron > Flashcards

Iron Flashcards

1
Q

Ferritin

A

Large spherical protein
24 non-covalently linked subunits
Core contains up to 5000 iron atoms
Found in cytoplasm and in serum
Concentration of ferritin directly proportional to total iron stores in body

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2
Q

Ferritin excess

A

Several disorders such as hereditary haemochromatosis, multiple transfusions, iron replacement therapy.

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3
Q

Ferritin deficiency

A

Only known cause is iron deficiency.
Can result in anaemia

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4
Q

Iron usage and storage

A

Used in muscles and bone marrow.
Stored in liver parenchyma and reticuloendothelial.
Lost through sloughed mucosal cells, desquamation, menstruation

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5
Q

Importance of vitamins

A

Acts as gene activators, free-radical scavengers, co-enzymes and cofactors of metabolic reactions.

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6
Q

Are vitamins B and C water soluble?

A

Yes
Pass more readily through body so more regular intake needed than fat-soluble vitamins

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7
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E and K

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8
Q

Vitamin A (retinoids) sources

A

Directly from meat or produce retinal from carotenes.
Retinols = Eggs, cereal, dairy, cheese, liver
Carotenoids = carrots, spinach, tomato, sweet potato

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9
Q

Vitamin A Functions

A

Vision - to form rhodopsin in rod cells

Reproduction - spermatogenesis in male, prevention of foetal resorption of female

Growth

Stabilisation of cellular membranes

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10
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

A

Night blindness, xeropthalmia (damage eyes), blindness

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11
Q

Vitamin A excess

A

Acute:
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, severe headaches, dizziness, sluggishness, desquamation of skin

Chronic:
Joint and bone pain, hair loss, dry lips, weight loss

Carotenemia:
Reversible yellowing of skin

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12
Q

Vitamin D Functions

A

More calcium absorption, less calcium excretion, formation of bone

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13
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Demineralisation of bone (rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults)

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14
Q

Vitamin E Storage

A

non-adipose cells such as liver and plasma and adipose cells

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15
Q

Vitamin E Deficiency

A

Caused by fat malaborption (cystic fibrosis), premature infants, rare congenital dfects in fat metabolism

Symptoms = haemolytic anaemia, myopathy, retinopathy, ataxia (poor muscle control), neuropathy

Excess is relatively safe

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16
Q

Vitamin K take up

A

Rapidly taken up by liver, transferred to very low and low density lipoproteins which carry it into plasma

17
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

K1 is synthesised by plants
K2 is synthesised by intestinal bacteria

18
Q

Vitamin K functions

A

Responsible for activation of some blood clotting factors.
Needed for liver synthesis of plasma clotting factors II, VII, IX and X.

19
Q

Vitamin C sources

A

Fresh fruit and veg, citrus

20
Q

Vitamin C functions

A

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant, iron absorption

21
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy, easy bruising and bleeding, teeth and gum disease, hair loss.

22
Q

Vitamin C excess

A

Can cause GI side effects

23
Q

Vitamin B12 sources

A

Released from food by acid and enzymes in stomach. R protein protects from stomach acid. Pancreatic polypeptide releases it from R proteins. Intrinsic factor produced by stomach

24
Q

Vitamin B 12 storage

A

Liver

25
Q

B12 deficiency

A

No intrinsic factor means no B12 absorption, veganism, malabsorption (lack of stomach acid, pancreatic disease)

Symptoms = macrocytic anaemia
Peripheral neuropathy in prolonged deficiency

26
Q

Folate

A

Found in food with fortified folic acid. Higher requirements in pregnancy.
Co-enzyme in methylation reactions, DNA synthesis, synthesis of methionine from homocysteine.

27
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Malabsorption
Drugs interfering with folic acid metabolism
Disease states that increase cell turnover (psoriasis, leukaemia)

Symptoms:
high homocysteine levels (damage arterial walls), macrocytic anaemia (large blood cells), foetal development abnormalities (eg. neural tube defects)

28
Q

Clotting factors
Intrinsic pathway is activated by…

A

Contact

29
Q

Clotting factors
Extrinsic pathway is activated by…

A

FVII coming in contact with tissue factor

Cascade results in fibrin clot formation

30
Q

Where are clotting factors produced?

A

The liver (I, II, IV, V, VI, VII)

31
Q

How can clotting factors be measured

A

Prothrombin time
International normalised ratio
Activated partial thromboplastin time

GI (13 decks)

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