IPV

Question 1

What are the 4 types of female defendents?

Answer 1

1. Self-defending victim
2. Angry victims
3. Mutually competent women
4. Primary physical aggressors

• Women are more likely to self-report violence
• Men more likely to injure partners
• Women are usually part of dual arrests
• Women’s violence is more reactive than proactive; many use violence out of fear and start off being the complainant

Question 2

Explain the Duluth model

Answer 2

• Most common intervention model
• Designed by women who suffered IPV
• Educational programme based on making men aware they have been socialised into views and expectations which has led to feelings and expectations of entitlement which they use violence to reinforce
• Strength is it doesn’t allow victim blaming, minimisation, denial, holds perpetrator accountable for their actions, an recognises influence of society
• Criticised for overemphasising the gendered aspect of IPV, doesn’t consider female perpetrators, debated whether men can change their behaviour just by being exposed to new ideas

Question 3

Describe socio-cultural explanations of IPV

Answer 3

• A result of patriarchal/aggressive society that encourages the use of violence to resolve conflict and control women
• Higher levels of IPV in cultures where women have less access to independence, have lower status and where patriarchal ideas are widespread

Question 4

What are the 8 key points of IPV

Answer 4

1. Characterised by a ranger violent and abusive behaviour
2. Intimate knowledge of victims and their fear, concerns, vulnerabilities
3. Increased violence and threats
4. Stalking behaviour initiated during relationship
5. Great psychological distress for victims
6. Controlling behaviour
7. Isolate victim from family and friends that leads to dependency
8. Destroys self-esteem so feels like they can’t leave their partner

Question 5

What are the risk factors of IPV

Answer 5

1. Macrosystem (societal, cultural)
   - Patriarchal values
2. Mesosystem (social groups)
   - Unemployment
   - Peer group influence
3. Microsystem (interpersonal violence)
   - High relationship conflict
   - Low relationship satisfaction
   - Controlling behaviour within intimate relationship
4. Otogenetic (individual development/internal influence)
   - Witnessing IPV as a child
   - Child abuse
   - Borderline personality traits
   - Anti-social personality traits
   - Drug use/abuse
   - Alcohol use/abuse
   - Pro-violence attitudes
   - Problem-solving deficits
   - Jealousy
   - Negative attitudes towards women
   - Poor impulse control

Question 6

Describe Feminist Theory of IPV

Answer 6

• IPV is primarily men acting violent towards women

- Caused by societal rules supporting male dominance and believing violence is an acceptable form of control

Question 7

Describe Social Learning Theory of IPV

Answer 7

• Pro-violence learnt during childhood
• One of the most widely cited factors is being exposed to violence from a young age
• Positive correlation between those who grew up in a violent household and those in violent relationships
• Ehrenseft (2003) found conduct disorder, exposure to parental violence and power assertive punishment as strongest predictors

Question 8

Describe attachment theory of IPV

Answer 8

• IPV reflects insecure attachment style which has led to a fear of abandonment and violence
• IPV common in couples were male in avoidant and female is resistant
• Insecure attachments lead to lack of self-esteem, minimising/extragerrating importance of relationships, negative view of self and others

Question 9

What are the 3 types of perpertrators

Answer 9

1. Generally violent/anti-social
   - Multiple risk factors
   - Involvement with deviant peers
   - Childhood exposure to violence
   - High impulsivity
   - Substance abuse
   - Criminality
   - Anti-social/narcissistic
   - Negative attitudes towards women
   - Poor conflict resolution skills
   - Dismissive attachment styles
   - Low levels of empathy
   - Psychological distress
   - Moderate anger levels
   - Engage in violence to maintain control
2. Dysphoric/borderline
   - High levels of violence towards family
   - Childhood exposure to violence
   - Involvement with deviant peers
   - Highest level of psychological distress
   - Emotionally volatile
   - Depression and anger
   - Attitudes that support violence and hostility towards women
   - Low levels of empathy, criminality, substance abuse
   - Low communication skills
   - Fearful attachment
   - Separation may result in stalking
3. Family only
   - Violent to family members
   - Little criminal behaviour
   - Less pathology